top down 1

Question 1

define emotion regulation

Answer 1

the ability to alter the time course, intensity or profile of our emotional responses to a situation
- all types of affect

Question 2

shaefer et al 2002
prefrontal reg of amyg

method

Answer 2

conscious maintanence of neg emotion (make last longer
fmri: is voluntary modulation of neg emotion assoc with changes in neural activity in the amyg?

reappraise task: neg/neutral images
maintain (temporally extend) emotional response or view passively

Question 3

shaefer et al 2002
prefrontal reg of amyg

results

Answer 3

heightened BOLD in amyg during neg maintain to neg valenced images> passive
(not for neutral)

amyg somewhat under conscious control - central component in emotion perception

Question 4

oschner et al
prefrontal reg of amyg

method

Answer 4

fmri

attend: dont try to alter emotional response
reappraise: reappraise neg response

Question 5

oschner et al
prefrontal reg of amyg

results

Answer 5

neural correlates of effective neg reappraisal:

• heightened LPFC/mPFC - wm/cog control
• diminished mOFC/amyg - emotional processing

mag of LPFC inversely correlate with both MOFC and amyg *mOFC small and unrelaiable(early research)

Question 6

common brain regions facilitated in emotional reg tasks

Answer 6

mPFC
dlPFC
thall
frontal opercular Insula (critchly - interoception) 
visual cortex (attention?)

Question 7

johnstone
healthy vs depressed
and emotion reg

method

Answer 7

MDD freq characterised by inability to effectively reg onset of neg mood

fmri: med free MDD and control
pos/neg valence pics

“attend” “enhance” “suppress”

Question 8

johnstone
healthy vs depressed
and emotion reg

RESULTS

Answer 8

healthy:

heightened left lat. PFC in down reg of neg affect:
- vlPFC + dlPFC
- affective reappraisal:
inverse relationship between (left) vlPFC and the (BLN) amyg mediated by the VMPFC - lat. PFC in emotion reapp

MDD:

• right vlPFC in neg affect down reg and absence of left
• No inverse relationship between vmPFC +amyg + no mediation with left vlPFC
• instead show a pos assoc between VMPFC and amyg

Pupil dilation:
MDD more dilation = more amyg/insula
healthy more dilation = less amyg insula

Question 9

johnstone
healthy vs depressed
and emotion reg

EXPLAIN

Answer 9

MDD= counterproductive engagement of right > left PFC+ lack of engagement of left vlPFC in downregulation of amyg responses to negative stimuli

vmpfc inhibits amyg vi vlPFC - compromised in MDD -
inppropriate engagement of r.PFC

pupil:
inverse with pupil and amyg/insula = emotion reg
MDD ineffective/counterproductive
-PFC flexible in responses
- dlPFC/vlPFC (l>r) important in reapprial and mediated via vmPFC towards responses in subcortical circuitry that may determine ability to reg response

Question 10

hartley and phelps diagram

what does is the role of the dlPFC/vlPFC proposed to play a role in in assoc with the vmPFC

Answer 10

dl/vlPFC connect and engage vmPFC cirtcuitry that initiates/dictates emotional response based on the vmPFCs descending subcortical connections

dl/vlPFC re-evaluate stimuli
vmPFC process hedonic value with re-eval and determine subsequent response

Question 11

van reekum eye gaze

method

Answer 11

eye tracking and fMRI

how long loot and and where look in emotionally valent images

Question 12

van reekum eye gaze

results

Answer 12

heightened dm/vlPFC when emotionally reg (both increase/supress response)

bilat amyg activation increase as heighten appraisal/emotional response

EYEGAZE -
change attentional focus based on regulation
- dont look at emotionally valence when decrease
- look more at emotionally valent when increase

Question 13

what might van reekum suggest about the role of the dl/vlPFC beyond the vmPFC?

how might it interact in explaining anxiety?

Answer 13

dlPFC may have additional links to more sensory areas - and may be involved in the regulation of attention towards external in additional to internal cues

ie dlPFC may determine gaze in emotion reg in van reek

dlPFC may alter focus on the insula - thus if dysfunctional may determine someones trait anxiety - attend more on internal state when should focus away from when trying to downreg emotional responses (critchley - insula link)

Question 14

right vl pfc

Answer 14

predominantly involved in spatial processing + the processing of threat/shock
may underpin vigilance

Question 15

left vl pfc

Answer 15

predominantly more involved in verbal processing + emotional reg
may facilitate the capacity of individuals to control attention and to resist temptations

Question 16

ascending connections from the amyg

Answer 16

to
ACC
m/of/dl PFC

• amyg when detect threat send signal to areas involved in exec control tasks (ie wm tasks) to aim to reorient attention

Question 17

how might we regulate interference from the amyg when wm load high?

Answer 17

ie. in n-back

may modulate interference by heightening down regulation of emotional responses via the dl/vlPFC

Question 18

clarke and johnstone

method

Answer 18

PFC reg of threat under high cog load.. due to:

• down reg of emotion/up reg of wm?
• passive inability to process threat due to high load (pessoa)

spatial n-back (r.pfc)
high / low wm
threat: safe or shock

Question 19

clarke and johnstone

results

Answer 19

low wm = sig impairment in task from threat = heightened amyg

high wm = no sig impairment from threat = heightened dACC and LPFC

BUT heightened pupil dilation to threat in high wm - recog threat (not cog capacity taken up) - due to down reg or wm processes

Question 20

dynamic causal modelling in determining relation between pfc and subcortical circuitry in reg of attention in threat

Answer 20

use correlations between patterns of activation in the brain and test models of what may give rise to diff patterns of activation
- diff options - ACC (conflict monitor/attend) may strengthen dlPFC (heighten wm) or vlPFC may inhibit amyg (emotion reg)

mot likely emotional modulation/inhibition - fits best, but not rule out wm heighten role

Question 21

relation of top down control research to anxiety

Answer 21

like MDD, anxiety may have dysfunctinoal activation/manipulation of PFC circuitry which may make them unable to properly control ascending signals from the amyg

i. e. right > left
i. e. vmPFC impoverished descending connect to amyg

may have altered dlPFC attentional focus towards external and internal cues - may focus on insula = heightened anxiety (johnstone)