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Top 200 100 Flashcards

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1
Q

abase

A

to humble; to disgrace

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2
Q

ABATE

A

to reduce in amount, degree, or severity
ex. As the hurricane’s force ABATED, the winds dropped and the sea became calm
Words with Similar Meanings:
EBB, MODERATE, SUBSIDE, LAPSE, RELENT, WANE, LET UP, SLACKEN

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6
Q

abdicate

A

to give up a position, right, or power

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7
Q

aberrant

A

deviating from what is normal or expected

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8
Q

abeyance

A

temporary suppression or suspension

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9
Q

abjure

A

to reject; to abandon formally

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10
Q

ABSCOND

A

to leave secretly
ex. The patron ABSCONDED from the restaurant without paying his bill by sneaking out the back door.
Words with Similar Meanings:
DECAMP, ESCAPE, FLEE

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15
Q

abstain

A

to choose not to do something
ex. During Lent, practicing Catholics ABSTAIN from eating meat
Words with Similar Meanings:
FORBEAR, REFRAIN, WITHHOLD

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20
Q

abstemious

A

moderate in appetite

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21
Q

abyss

A 
an extremely deep hole
ex. The submarine dove into the ABYSS to chart the previously unseen depths
Related words:
ABYSSAL: pertaining to great depth
ABYSMAL: extremely bad
Words with Similar Meanings:
CHASM, VOID
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31
Q

accretion

A

a gradual growth in size; an increase in amount

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32
Q

acidulous

A

sour in taste or manner

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33
Q

acme

A

the highest point; the summit; the highest level or degree attainable

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34
Q

adulterate

A

to make impure
ex. The restaurateur made his ketchup last longer by ADULTERATING it with water
Related Words:
UNADULTERATED: pure
ADULTERY: an illicit relationship; an affair

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41
Q

advocate

A 
to speak in favor of
ex. The vegetarian ADVOCATED a diet containing no meat
Related Words:
ADVOCACY: active support for
Words with Similar Meanings:
BACK, CHAMPION, SUPPORT
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50
Q

aerie

A

a nest built high in the air; an elevated, often secluded, dwelling

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51
Q

affected

A

phony; artificial

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52
Q

aggrandize

A

to increase in power influence, and reputation
ex. The supervisor sought to AGGRANDIZE himself by claiming that the achievements of his staff were actually his own
Words with Similar Meanings:
AMPLIFY, DIGNIFY, ENNOBLE, MAGNIFY, WAX, APOTHEOSIZE, ELEVATE, EXALT, SWELL, AUGMENT, ENLARGE, GLORIFY, UPLIFT

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58
Q

alacrity

A

speed or quickness

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59
Q

alleviate

A

to make more bearable
ex. Taking aspirin helps to ALLEVIATE a headache.
Words with Similar Meanings:
ALLAY, EASE, MITIGATE, ASSUAGE, LESSEN, PALLIATE, COMFORT, LIGHTEN, RELIEVE

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65
Q

amalgamate

A

to combine; to mix together
ex. Giant industries AMALGAMATED with Mega Products to form Giant-Mega Products INC.
Related Words:
AMALGAM: a mixture, especially of 2 metals
Words with Similar Meanings:
ADMIX, COMMINGLE, FUSE, MERGE, BLEND, COMMIX, INTERMINGLE, MINGLE, COMBINE, COMPOUND, INTERMIX, MIX

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74
Q

ambiguous

A

doubtful or uncertain; can be interpreted in several ways
ex. The directions he gave were so AMBIGUOUS that we disagreed on which way to turn.
Related Words:
AMBIGUITY: the quality of being ambiguous
Words with Similar Meanings:
CLOUDY, EQUIVOCAL, OBSCURE, DOUBTFUL, NEBULOUS, UNCLEAR, DUBIOUS, INDETERMINATE, VAGUE

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83
Q

ameliorate

A

to make better; to improve
ex. The doctor was able to AMELIORATE the patients suffering using painkillers
Words with Similar Meanings:
AMEND, PACIFY, BETTER, UPGRADE, IMPROVE

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89
Q

amortize

A

to diminish by installment payments

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90
Q

amulet

A

an ornament worn as a charm against evil spirits

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91
Q

anachronism

A

something out of place in time
ex. The aged hippie used ANACHRONISTIC phrases like groovy and far out that had not been popular for years
Words with Similar Meanings:
ARCHAISM, INCONGRUITY

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97
Q

analgesia

A

a lessening of pain without loss of consciousness

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98
Q

analogous

A

similar or alike in some way; equivalent
ex. In a famous argument for the existence of God, the universe is ANALOGOUS to a mechanical timepiece, the creation of a devinely intelligent “clockmaker”
Related Words:
ANALOGY: a similarity between things that are otherwise dissimilar
ANALOGUE: something that is similar in some way to something else
Words with Similar Meanings:
ALIKE, EQUIVALENT, SIMILAR, COMPARABLE, HOMOGENOUS, CORRESPONDING, PARALLEL

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108
Q

anodyne

A

something that calms or soothes pain

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109
Q

anomaly

A

deviation from what is normal
ex. Albino animals may display too great an ANOMALY in their coloring to attract normally colored mates
Related Words:
ANOMALOUS: deviating from what is normal
Words with Similar Meanings:
ABERRANCE, DEVIANCE, PRETERNATURALNESS, ABERRATION, DEVIATION, ABNORMALITY, IRREGULARITY

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118
Q

antagonize

A

to annoy or provoke to anger
ex. The child discovered that he could ANTAGONIZE the cat by pulling its tail.
Related Words:
ANTAGONISTIC: tending to provoke conflict
ANTAGONIST: someone who fights another
Words with Similar Meanings:
CLASH, IRRITATE, PROVOKE, CONFLICT, OPPOSE, VEX, INCITE, PESTER

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128
Q

antipathy

A

extreme dislike
The ANTIPATHY between the French and the English regularly erupted into open warfare
Words with Similar Meanings:
ANIMOSITY, AVERSION, REPELLENCE, ANIMUS, ENMITY, ANTAGONISM, HOSTILITY

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134
Q

apathy

A

lack of interest or emotion
The APATHY of voters is so great that less than half the people who are eligible to vote actually bother to do so.
Words with Similar Meanings:
COOLNESS, IMPASSIVITY, LASSITUDE, PHLEGM, UNRESPONSIVENESS, DISINTEREST, INDIFFERENCE, LETHARGY, STOLIDITY, DISREGARD, INSENSIBILITY, LISTLESSNESS, UNCONCERN

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140
Q

apocryphal

A

of questionable authority or authenticity

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141
Q

apostate

A

one who renounces a religious faith

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142
Q

approbation

A

approval and praise

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143
Q

arbitrary

A

determined by chance or impulse

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144
Q

arbitrate

A

to judge a debate between two opposing parties
ex. Since the couple could not come to an agreement, a judge was forced to ARBITRATE their divorce proceedings
Related Words:
ARBITRATION: a process by which a conflict is resolved
ARBITRATOR: a judge
Words with Similar Meanings:
ADJUDGE, DETERMINE, REFEREE, ADJUDICATE, JUDGE, RULE, DECIDE, MODERATE

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154
Q

ARCHAIC

A

ancient, old-fashioned
ex. Her ARCHAIC Commodore computer could not run the latest software
Related Words:
ARCHAISM: an outdated word or phrase
Words with Similar Meanings:
ANCIENT, BYGONE, FUTSY, OUTDATED, PREHISTORIC, SUPERSEDED, ANTEDILUVIAN, DATED, OBSOLETE, OUTMODED, STALE, VINTAGE, ANTIQUE, DOWDY, OLD-FASHIONED, PASSE, SUPERANNUATED

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163
Q

ardor

A

intense and passionate feeling
ex. Bishop’s ARDOR for landscape was evident when he passionately described the beauty of the scenic Hudson Valley
Related Words:
ARDENT: expressing ardor, passionate
Words with Similar Meanings:
DEVOTION, FERVIDITY, FIRE, ZEALOUSNESS, ENTHUSIASM, FERVIDNESS, PASSION, FERVENCY, FERVOR, ZEAL

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172
Q

arrogate

A

to claim without justification; to claim for oneself without right

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173
Q

articulate

A

able to speak clearly and expressively
ex. She is such an ARTICULATE defender of labor that unions are among her strongest supporters
Words with Similar Meanings:
ELOQUENT, LUCID, EXPRESSIVE, SILVER-TONGUED, FLUENT, SMOOTH-SPOKEN

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179
Q

assail

A

to attack; to assault

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180
Q

assuage

A

to make something unpleasant less severe
ex. Like many people, Philip Larkin used alcohol to ASSUAGE his sense of meaninglessness and despair.
Words with Similar Meanings:
ALLAY, COMFORT, LIGHTEN, PACIFY, PROPITIATE, SWEETEN, ALLEVIATE, CONCILIATE, MITIGATE, PALLIATE, RELIEVE, APPEASE, EASE, MOLLIFY, PLACATE, SOOTHE

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186
Q

attenuate

A

to reduce in force or degree; to weaken
ex. The Bill of Rights ATTENUATED the traditional power of government to change laws at will.
Words with Similar Meanings:
DEBILITATE, ENERVATE, SAP, UNDO, WEAKEN, DEVITALIZE, ENFEEBLE, THIN, UNNERVE, DILUTE, RAREFY, UNDERMINE, WATER

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192
Q

audacious

A

fearless and daring
ex. “And you, your majesty, may kiss my bum!” replied the AUDACIOUS peasant
Words with Similar Meanings:
ADVENTURESOME, BOLD, DARING, FEARLESS, HEROIC, PLUCKY, UNAFRAID, VALOROUS, AGGRESSIVE, BRAVE, DAUNTLESS, GALLANT, INTREPID, STOUT, UNDAUNTED, VENTURESOME, ASSERTIVE, COURAGEOUS, DOUGHTY, GAME, METTLESOME, STOUTHEARTED, VALIANT, VENTUROUS

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198
Q

augury

A

a prophecy; a prediction of events

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199
Q

august

A

dignified; grandiose

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200
Q

AUSTERE

A

severe or stern in appearance, undecorated
The lack of decoration makes Zen temples seem AUSTERE to the untrained eye
Related Words:
AUSTERITY: severity, especially poverty
Words with Similar Meanings:
BLEAK, HARD, DOUR, HARSH, GRIM, SEVERE

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209
Q

austere

A

severe or stern in appearance; undecorated

210
Q

axiom

A

premise; postulate; self-evident truth

211
Q

BANAL

A

predictable, cliched, boring
He used BANAL phrases like Have a nice day, or Another day, another dollar.
Related Words: BANALITY
Words with Similar Meanings:
BLAND, COMMONPLACE, INNOCUOUS, MUSTY, QUOTIDIAN, STEREOTYPIC, TIRED, WORN-OUT, BROMIDIC, FATUOUS, INSIPID, PLATITUDINOUS, SHOPWORN, THREADBARE, TRITE, CLICHED, HACKNEYED, JEJUNE, PROSAIC, STALE, TIMEWORN, VAPID

219
Q

belfry

A

a bell tower; the room in which a bell is hung

220
Q

bevy

A

a group

221
Q

bifurcate

A

to divide into two parts

222
Q

bilk

A

to cheat; to defraud

223
Q

blight

A

to afflict; to destroy

224
Q

blithe

A

joyful, cheerful, or without appropriate thought

225
Q

bolster

A

to support; to prop up
ex. The presence of giant footprints BOLSTERED the argument that Sasquatch was in the area
Words with Similar Meanings:
BRACE, SUPPORT, UPHOLD, BUTTRESS, SUSTAIN, PROP, UNDERPIN

231
Q

bombastic

A

pompous in speech and manner
ex. Mussolini’s speeches were mostly BOMBASTIC; his boasting and outrageous claims had no basis in fact.
Related Words:
BOMBAST: pompous speech or writing
Words with Similar Meanings:
BLOATED, GRANDILOQUENT, MAGNILOQUENT, RHETORICAL, DECLAMATORY, GRANDIOSE, OROTUND, SELF-IMPORTANT, FUSTIAN, HIGH-FOWN, PRETENTIOUS

240
Q

bonhomie

A

good-natured geniality; an atmosphere of good cheer

241
Q

boor

A

a crude person; one lacking manners or taste

242
Q

burgeon

A

to grow and flourish

243
Q

burnish

A

to polish

244
Q

cabal

A

a secret group seeking to overturn something

245
Q

cacophony

A

a harsh, jarring noise
ex. The junior high orchestra created an almost unbearable CACOPHONY as they tried to tune their instruments
Words with Similar Meanings:
DISCORD, NOISE, CHAOS, CLAMOR, DISHARMONY, DIN

251
Q

calumny

A

a false and malicious accusation; misrepresentation

252
Q

canard

A

a lie

253
Q

candid

A

impartial and honest in speech
ex. The observations of a child can be charming since they are CANDID and inpretentious
Words with Similar Meanings:
DIRECT, HONEST, STRAIGHT, FORTHRIGHT, OPEN, STRAIGHTFORWARD, FRANK, SINCERE, UNDISGUISED

259
Q

capricious

A

changing one’s mind quickly and often
ex. Queen Elizabeth I was quite CAPRICIOUS; her courtiers could never be sure which of their number would catch her fancy
Related Words:
CAPRICE: whim, sudden fancy
Words with Similar Meanings:
ARBITRARY, ERRATIC, MERCURIAL, WILLFUL, CHANCE, FICKLE, RANDOM, CHANGEABLE, INCONSTANT, WHIMSICAL

268
Q

cartography

A

the science or art of making maps

269
Q

castigate

A

to punish or criticize harshly
ex. Americans are amazed at how harshly the authorities in Singapore CASTIGATE perpetrators of what would be considered minor crimes in the United States.
Words with Similar Meanings:
ADMONISH, REBUKE, REPROVE, UNBRAID, CHASTISE, REPRIMAND, SCOLD, CHIDE, REPROACH, TAX

275
Q

catalyst

A

something that brings about a change in something else
ex. The imposition of harsh taxes was the CATALYST that finally brought on the revolution
Related Words:
CATALYZE: to bring about a change in something else

281
Q

catholic

A

universal; broad and comprehensive

282
Q

caustic

A

biting in wit
ex. Dorothy Parker gained her reputation for CAUSTIC wit from her cutting, yet clever, insults.
Words with Similar Meanings:
ACERBIC, TRENCHANT, BITING, MORDANT

288
Q

CHAOS

A

great disorder or confusion
ex. In most religious traditions, God created an ordered universe from CHAOS.
Related Words:
CHAOTIC: jumbled, confused
Words with Similar Meanings:
CLUTTER, DISARRAY, DISORGANIZATION, MUDDLE, TOPSY-TURVINESS, CONFUSION, DISORDER, JUMBLE, SCRAMBLE, TURMOIL, DISARRANGEMENT, DISORDERLINESS, MESS, SNARL

297
Q

chaos

A

great disorder; a confused situation

298
Q

chauvinist

A

someone prejudiced in favor of a group to which he or she belongs
ex. The attitude that men are inherently superior to women and therefore must be obeyed is common among male CHAUVINISTS.
Words with Similar Meanings:
PARTISAN

304
Q

chicanery

A

deception by means of craft or guile
ex Dishonest used car salesmen often use CHICANERY to sell their beat-up old cars
Words with Similar Meanings:
ARTIFICE, DECEPTION, PETTIFOGGERY, SOPHISTRY, CONNIVING, DEVIOUSNESS, SHADINESS, SUBTERFUGE, CRAFTINESS, MISREPRESENTATION, SNEAKINESS, UNDERHANDEDNESS

310
Q

circumspect

A

cautious; aware of potential consequences

311
Q

cloying

A

sickly sweet; excessive

312
Q

coalesce

A

to grow together to form a single whole

313
Q

coffer

A

a strongbox; a large chest for money

314
Q

COGENT

A

convincing and well reasoned
ex. Swayed by the COGENT argument of the defense, the jury had no choice but to acquit the defendant
Related Words:
COGITATE: to think deeply
Words with Similar Meanings:
CONVINCING, SOUND, PERSUASIVE, TELLING, SOLID, VALID

323
Q

cogent

A

convincing and well-reasoned

324
Q

collusion

A

a collaboration; complicity; conspiracy

325
Q

condone

A

to overlook, pardon, or disregard
ex. Some theorists believe that failing to prosecute minor crimes is the same thing as CONDONING an air of lawlessness
Words with Similar Meanings:
EXCULPATE, REMIT, EXCUSE, PARDON

331
Q

connoisseur

A

a person with expert knowledge or discriminating tastes

332
Q

contrite

A

deeply sorrowful and repentant for a wrong

333
Q

contumacious

A

rebellious

334
Q

convoluted

A

intricate and complicated
ex. Although many people bought A Brief History of Time, few could follow its CONVOLUTED ideas and theories.
Words with Similar Meanings:
BYZANTINE, INTRICATE, PERPLEXING, COMPLEX, KNOTTY, TANGLED, ELABORATE, LABRYINTHINE

340
Q

corroborate

A

to provide supporting evidence
ex. Fingerprints CORROBORATED the witness’s testimony that he saw the defendant in the victim’s apartment.
Words with Similar Meanings:
AUTHENTICATE, BUTTRESS, VALIDATE, BACK, CONFIRM, VERIFY, BEAR OUT, SUBSTANTIATE

346
Q

cosset

A

to pamper; to treat with great care

347
Q

coterie

A

an intimate group of persons with a similar purpose

348
Q

craven

A

lacking courage

349
Q

credulous

A

too trusting, gullible
ex. Although some 4-year-olds believe in the Easter Bunny, only the most CREDULOUS 9-year-olds also believe in him
Related Words:
CREDULITY: the quality of being credulous
Words with Similar Meanings:
NAIVE, SUSCEPTIBLE, TRUSTING

358
Q

crescendo

A

steady increase in volume or force

ex. The CRESCENDO of tension became unbearable as Evel Knievel prepared to jump his motorcycle over the school buses.

360
Q

cupidity

A

greed; strong desire

361
Q

curmudgeon

A

a cranky person, usually an old one

362
Q

debutante

A

a young woman making debut in high society

363
Q

decorum

A

appropriateness of behavior or conduct; propriety

364
Q

DECORUM

A

appropriateness of behavior or conduct; propriety
ex. The countess complained that the vulgar peasants lacked the DECORUM appropriate for a visit to the palace.
Related Words:
DECOROUS: conforming to acceptable standards
Words with Similar Meanings:
CORRECTNESS, MANNERS, SEEMLINESS, DECENCY, MORES, ETIQUETTE, PROPRIETY

373
Q

DEFERENCE

A

respect, courtesy
ex. The respectful young law clerk treated the Supreme Court justice with the utmost DEFERENCE.
Related Words:
DEFER: to delay, to show someone deference,
DEFERENT: courteous and respectful
Words with Similar Meanings:
COURTESY, OBEISANCE, VENERATION, HONOR, RESPECT, HOMAGE, REVERENCE

383
Q

deleterious

A

subtly or unexpectedly harmful

384
Q

DERIDE

A

to speak of or to treat with contempt; to mock
ex. The awkward child was often DERIDED by his “cooler” peer.
Related Words:
DERISION: mockery and taunts
DERISIVE: in a mocking manner
Words with Similar Meanings:
GIBE, RIDICULE, TAUNT, JEER, SCOFF, MOCK, SNEER

394
Q

DESICCATE

A

to dry out thoroughly
ex. After a few weeks of lying on the desert’s baking sands, the cow’s carcass became completely DESICCATED.
Related Words:
DESICCANT: something that removes water from another substance
Words with Similar Meanings:
DRY, PARCH, DEHYDRATE

403
Q

DESULTORY

A

jumping from one thing to another; disconnected
ex. Diane had a DESULTORY academic record; she had changed majors 12 times in 3 years/
Words with Similar Meanings:
AIMLESS, HAPHAZARD, PURPOSELESS, UNCONSIDERED, DISCONNECTED, INDISCRIMINATE, RANDOM, UNPLANNED, ERRATIC, OBJECTLESS, STRAY

409
Q

DIATRIBE

A

an abusive, condemnatory speech
ex. The trucker bellowed a DIATRIBE at the driver who had cut him off.
Words with Similar Meanings:
FULMINATION, JEREMIAD, TIRADE, HARANGUE, MALEDICTION, INVECTIVE, OBLOQUY

415
Q

DIFFIDENT

A

lacking self-confidence
ex. Steve’s DIFFIDENT manner during the job interview stemmed from his nervous nature and lack of experience in the field.
Words with Similar Meanings:
BACKWARD, DEMURE, SELF-EFFACING, BASHFUL, MODEST, SHY, COY, RETIRING, TIMID

421
Q

DILATE

A

to make larger; to expand
ex. When you enter a darkened room, the pupils of your eyes DILATE to let in more light.
Words with Similar Meanings:
AMPLIFY, ENLARGE, DEVELOP, EXPAND, ELABORATE, EXPATIATE

427
Q

DILATORY

A

intended to delay
ex. The congressman used DILATORY measures to delay the passage of the bill.
Words with Similar Meanings:
DRAGGING, LAGGING, SLOW-GOING, FLAGGING, SLOW, SLOW-PACED, LAGGARD, SLOW-FOOTED, TARDY

433
Q

DILETTANTE

A

someone with an amateurish and superficial interest in a topic
ex. Jerry’s friends were such DILETTANTED that they seemed to have new jobs and hobbies every week.
Words with Similar Meanings:
AMATEUR, TYRO, DABBLER, SUPERFICIAL

439
Q

DIRGE

A

a funeral hymn or mournful speech
ex. Melville wrote the poem A DIRGE for James McPherson for the funeral of a Union general who was killed in 1864.
Words with Similar Meanings:
ELEGY, LAMENT

445
Q

DISABUSE

A

to set right; to free from error
ex. Galileo’s observations DISABUSED scholars of the notion that the Sun revolved around the Earth.
Words with Similar Meanings:
CORRECT, UNDECEIVE

451
Q

DISCERN

A

to perceive; to recognize
ex. It is easy to DISCERN the difference between butter and butter-flavored topping.
Related Words:
DISCERNMENT: taste and cultivation
Words with Similar Meanings:
CATCH, DIFFERENTIATE, ESPY, SEPARATE, TELL, DESCRY, DISCRIMINATE, GLIMPSE, SPOT, DETECT, DISTINGUISH, KNOW, SPY

460
Q

DISPARATE

A

fundamentally different; entirely unlike
ex. Although the twins appear to be identical physically, their personalities are DISPARATE.
Words with Similar Meanings:
DIFFERENT, DIVERSE, DISSIMILAR, VARIANT, DIVERGENT, VARIOUS

466
Q

DISSEMBLE

A

to present a false appearance; to disguise one’s real intentions or character
ex. The villain could DISSEMBLE to the police no longer- he admited the deed and tore up the floor to reveal the body of the old man.
Words with Similar Meanings:
ACT, CAMOUFLAGE, COVER UP, FAKE, MASQUERADE, PUT ON, AFFECT, CLOAK, DISGUISE, FEIGN, POSE, SHAM, ASSUME, COUNTERFEIT, DISSIMULATE, MASK, PRETEND, SIMULATE

472
Q

DISSONANCE

A

harsh and disagreeable combination, often of sounds
ex. Cognitive DISSONANCE is the inner conflict produced when long-standing beliefs are contradicted by new evidence.
Words with Similar Meanings:
CLASH, DISSENSION, FRICTION, CONTENTION, DISSENT. STRIFE, DISCORD, DISSIDENCE, VARIANCE

478
Q

DOGMA

A

a firmly held opinion, often a religious belief
ex. Linus’ central DOGMA was that children who believed in the Great Pumpkin would be rewarded.
Words with Similar Meanings:
CREED, TENET, DOCTRINE, TEACHING

484
Q

DOGMATIC

A

dictatorial in one’s opinions
ex. The dictator was DOGMATIC- he, and only he, was right.
Words with Similar Meanings:
AUTHORITARIAN, DOCTRINAIRE, MAGISTERIAL, PEREMPTORY, BOSSY, DOMINEERING, MASTERFUL, DICTATORIAL, IMPERIOUS, OVERBEARING

490
Q

DUPE

A

to deceive; a person who is easily deceived
ex. Bugs Bunny was able to DUPE Elmer Fudd by dressing up as a lady rabbit.
Words with Similar Meanings:
BEGUILE, COZEN, FOOL, MISLEAD, BETRAY, DECEIVE, HOODWINK, TAKE IN, BLUFF, DELUDE, HUMBUG, TRICK

496
Q

ECLECTIC

A

selecting from or made up from a variety of sources
ex. Budapest’s architecture is an ECLECTIC mix of Eastern and Western styles.
Words with Similar Meanings:
SELECTIVE, CATHOLIC, BROAD

502
Q

EFFICACY

A

effective, productive
ex. The EFFICACY of penicillin was unsurpassed when it was first introduced; the drug completely eliminated almost all bacterial infections for which is was administered
Related Words:
EFFICACIOUS: effective, productive
Words with Similar Meanings:
DYNAMISM, FORCE, PROFICIENCY, EFFECTIVENESS, POWER, STRENGTH, EFFICIENCY, PRODUCTIVENESS, VIGOR

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