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AP Psychology Honors > Top 100 Terms Part 2 > Flashcards

Top 100 Terms Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Remembering to perform a task at the original time you intended to do that task

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2
Q

What is social loafing?

A

When an individual puts forth less effort while working in a group than when they are individual

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3
Q

What is the neuron firing process?

A

Dendrites receive chemical messages and it helps the neuron fire and the electrical signal makes its way down the axon and the axon terminal and in there is neuro transmitters that are released

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4
Q

What is the importance of myelin?

A

Creates faster action potential

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5
Q

What is it called when a neuron is firing?

A

Action potential

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6
Q

What is it called when a neuron is resting?

A

Resting potential

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7
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

Stimulates muscle contraction

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8
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Seeks out pleasure

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9
Q

What is serotonin?

A

Regulates our moods

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10
Q

What is endorphins?

A

Reduces pain

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11
Q

What are display rules?

A

Cultural rules/norms that distinguish how one should express emotions

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12
Q

What is groupthink?

A

When individuals in a group censor their beliefs in order to preserve the harmony of the group

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13
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

Mental strain that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes

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14
Q

What is a schema?

A

The different categories that we organize information into in our brains

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15
Q

What is a self-fulfiling prophecy?

A

Expectation about a situation that impacts an individual’s behavior in such a way that leads to those expectation becoming a reality

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16
Q

What are the big five personality traits?

A

OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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17
Q

What are cross sectional studies?

A

Looks at different groups of people at the same time

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18
Q

What are longitudinal studies?

A

Where a researcher studies the same group of participants year after year after year

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19
Q

What are the downsides of longitudinal studies?

A

It takes long and thus costs more

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20
Q

What are the downsides of cross sectional studies?

A

You’re not studying the same group of participants

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21
Q

What are context dependent memories?

A

Tendency to retrieve memories that correspond to the physical setting we’re in

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22
Q

What are mood congruent memories?

A

Tendency to retrieve memories that correspond to the mood we’re in

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23
Q

What are state dependent memories?

A

Tendency to retrieve memories that correspond to the state (sleepy, awake, etc.) we’re in

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24
Q

What is encoding failure (three stage processing model)?

A

Inputs (inputs hitting senses) -> sensory memory (identifies what inputs are important) -> working memory (5-9 pieces of information are taken) -(encoding)-> long term memory

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25
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Muscle memory

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26
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Memory of events

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27
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Memory of facts

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28
Q

What is mass practice?

A

Cramming

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29
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

Spacing out studying for short intervals over a period of time

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30
Q

What is a fixed ratio?

A

Organism knows when the reinforcement will occur after a number of instances

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31
Q

What is a fixed interval?

A

Organism knows when the reinforcement will occur after a certain amount of time

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32
Q

What is a variable ratio?

A

Organism doesn’t know when the reinforcement occurs but they must do the behavior to get it;
Ex: slot machine

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33
Q

What is a variable interval?

A

Organism doesn’t know when the reinforcement occurs but they do not have to do it to get the reinforcement;
Ex: a surfer waiting for a perfect wave

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34
Q

What is convergent thinking?

A

Finding one best solution

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35
Q

What is divergent thinking?

A

Finding creative or multiple solutions

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36
Q

How does vision work?

A

When light hits the retina, special cells called photoreceptors (rons and cons) turn the light into electrical signals. These electrical signals travel from the retina through the optic nerve to the brain. Then the brain turns the signals into the images you see.

37
Q

What is the pre-frontal cortex?

A

For decision-making;
Personality

38
Q

What is the motor cortex?

A

Muscle movement

39
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

Processes numbers;
Processes spatial information

40
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

Processes hearing

41
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

Tendency for one to perform easy or well-learned tasks better in the presence of others

42
Q

What is social inhibition?

A

Tendency for one to perform more difficult or less practiced tasks more poorly in the presence of others

43
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

A

States that we perform best at a moderate level of arousal

44
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Something is given to encourage behavior

45
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Something is removed to discourage behavior

46
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Something is added to discourage behavior

47
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Something is removed to encourage behavior

48
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Ability to solve new problems and reason abstractly

49
Q

What is crystalized intelligence?

A

Accumulation of facts, knowledge, and skills over a lifetime

50
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

When a group setting causes one to lose their self-awareness and abandon their normal behaviors

51
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

How capable or confident a person feels in their ability to complete a task

52
Q

What are heuristics?

A

A rule of thumb strategy for making quick gut decisions

53
Q

What are representative heuristics?

A

A rule of thumb strategy used to make quick gut decisions based off of stereotypes of a group

54
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

A rule of thumb strategy used to make quick decisions based off information that comes to mind easily

55
Q

What is the opposite of a heuristic?

A

Algorhythm

56
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

Desire to perform a task comes from within the individual

57
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Desire to perform a task comes from an external reward

58
Q

What is the overjustification effect?

A

A phenomenon wherein a person becomes less internally motivated after they are rewarded for something they already love to do

59
Q

What is conformity?

A

When someone changes their beliefs to align with a group

60
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Old info interfering with new

61
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

New info interfering with old

62
Q

What was the Bobo Doll Experiment?

A

Kids who were exposed to aggression were aggressive

63
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Where an individual learns how to behave or act by watching others

64
Q

What is a case study?

A

Researcher studies a unique case of one individual or a small group of individuals;
Downsides: Not generalizable

65
Q

What is a survey?

A

When people self report information;
Upsides: a lot of data, cheap;
Downsides: Might be hard to generalize, social desirability bias and other biases

66
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

When a researcher records behavior in a naturally occurring setting;
Downside: Describes behavior but does not explain it

67
Q

What is correlation?

A

Looks at relationships;
Downside: Does not imply causation

68
Q

What is a random sample?

A

Randomly selecting participants for an experiment

69
Q

Why do researchers use random sample?

A

Allows them to make generalizations from data

70
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Research method in which an experimenter can determine cause and effect through the manipulation of an independent variable

71
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An educated guess

72
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

Variable which is manipulated by the researcher

73
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

What’s being measured in the experiment

74
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

An extraneous variable that affects the variables being studied

75
Q

What are operational definitions?

A

A detailed description of the steps, variables, and procedures of the study

76
Q

What should be addressed in operational definitions?

A

-Amount
-Time/duration
-Change

77
Q

Why do researchers use operational definitions?

A

To make the study replicatable

78
Q

What is test reliability?

A

Test replication

79
Q

What is test validity?

A

Did the researcher measure what they set out to measure?

80
Q

What is random assignment?

A

Randomly assigning the sample into the control group and experimental group

81
Q

How is random assignment achieved?

A

Single-blind experiment

82
Q

Why is random assignment important?

A

Gives groups equal representation and increases statistical significance

83
Q

What is a single-blind study?

A

Participants don’t know if they’re in the control group or not but researcher does

84
Q

What is a double-blind study?

A

Neither the researcher nor the participant know who’s in which group

85
Q

Why are double-blind studies important?

A

Prevents researcher bias

86
Q

What is statistical significance?

A

States that the results of a study did not likely occur by chance

87
Q

What is a p-value?

A

Indicator of statistical significance;
Closer to 0, the more statistically significant

88
Q

What are the ethical guidelines for a study?

A

-No coercion (allowed to quit)
-Informed consent (warned of risks)
-Minimal harm
-Deception is allowed as long as debriefing is done
-Confidentiality

AP Psychology Honors (3 decks)

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