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Y3 z Symptom differentials/cases > Top 100 Drugs > Flashcards

Top 100 Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

FINASTERIDE

A
  • 5-a reductase inhibitor
  • In BPH, to improve LUTS, reduce the need for prostate-related surgery
  • SEs: impotence, reduced libido
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2
Q

TAMSULOSIN (alfusozin, doxazosin)

A
  • alpha blocker
  • Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
  • SEs: postural hypotension, dizziness, syncope
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3
Q

N-ACETYLCYSTEINE

A
  • Acetylcysteine
  • Antidote for paracetamol poisoning
  • Can cause anaphylactoid reaction and bronchospasm
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4
Q

ADENOSINE

A
  • adenosine
  • first line diagnostic and therapeutic agent in SVT (regular, narrow complex tachycardia)
  • SEs: bradycardia and asystole therefore CONTRAindicated in hypotension, coronary ischaemia, decompensated HF, asthma and COPD
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5
Q

ADRENALINE

A
  • epinephrine
  • Used in cardiac arrest for shockable and non-shockable rhythms, immediate management in anaphylaxis, and can be injected into tissues to cause local vasoconstriction (prolong effects of local anaesthetic or prevent mucosal bleeding)
  • SEs: anxiety, tremor, headache and palpitations . (Also adrenaline induced hypertension)
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6
Q

SPIRONOLACTONE

A
  • aldosterone antagonist
  • first line diuretic for ascites and oedema due to liver cirrhosis, together with a BB and ACEi for chronic heart failure
  • SEs: hyperkalaemia and gynaecomastia ( therefore contraindicated in patients with hyperkalaema/addisions or other renal impairment)
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7
Q

GAVISCON

A
  • Antacids
  • GORD and dyspepsia
  • can cause diarrhoea or constipation depending on ingredients
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8
Q

ALLOPURINOL

A
  • Allopurinol
  • Prevent recurrent attacks of gout, prevent uric acid and calcium oxalate renal stones, prevent hyperuricaemia and tumour lysis syndrome
  • SEs: (can worsen pre-existing gout), or most common is a skin rash (can develop to Steven-Johnson Syndrome if more serious)
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9
Q

GENTAMICIN

A
  • Aminoglycoside
  • Treatment of severe infections caused by Gram-negative aerobes (e.g. severe sepsis with undetermined cause, Infective Endocarditis, pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pyelonephritis)
  • SEs: nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
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10
Q

MESALAZINE

A
  • Aminosalicylate
  • First line treatment of mild-moderate UC
  • SEs: GI upset and headaches
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11
Q

AMIODARONE

A
  • Amiodarone
  • Tachyarrhythmias (AF, atrial flutter, SVT, VT, and refractory ventricular fibrillation)
  • Potentially v dangerous, SEs include: hypotension, pneumonitis, bradycardia, AV block, hepatitis, skin photosensitivity and thyroid abnormalities)
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12
Q

RAMIPRIL, LISINOPRIL

A
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  • Hypertension, chronic heart failure (first line for all grades to improve symptoms and prognosis), IHD, diabetic nephropathy and CKD with proteinuria
  • SEs: hypotension, persistent dry cough and hyperkalaemia
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13
Q

LOSARTAN

A
  • Angiotensin receptor blocker
  • indications are the same as for ACEi, and they are generally used when ACEi aren’t tolerated because of the dry cough
  • SEs: hypotension, hyperkalaemia and renal failure
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14
Q

METOCLOPRAMIDE

A
  • Antiemetic, dopamine D2-receptor antagonist
  • Prophylaxis and treatment of nausea and vomiting, particularly in the context of reduced gut motility
  • SEs: diarrhoea and extrapyramidal syndromes
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15
Q

CYCLIZINE

A
  • Antiemetic, H1 receptor antagonist
  • Nausea and vomiting, motion sickness of vertigo
  • SEs: drowsiness, dry throat and mouth
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16
Q

FLUCONAZOLE

A
  • antifunal
  • local fungal infections
  • local irritation if topical or GI upset if oral
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17
Q

IPATROPIUM, TIOTROPIUM

A
  • Antimuscarinics, bronchodilators
  • Relieve breathlessness in COPD and asthma
  • SEs: irritation of the respiratory tract and GI disturbance (dry mouth and constipation). Should be avoided in patients with glaucoma as can cause blurry vision
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18
Q

ATROPINE, HYOSCINE BUTYLBROMIDE

A
  • Antimuscarinics, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal
  • atropine is used as a first line treatment in severe or symptomatic bradycardia to increase HR, and hyoscine butylbromide is a first line antispasmodic in the treatment of IBS
  • SEs: tachycardia, dry mouth, constipation, blurry vision (atropine may have central effects including drowsiness and confusion)
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19
Q

OXYBUTYNIN

A
  • Antimuscarinics, genitourinary uses
  • Reduces urinary frequency, urgency and urge incontinence in overactive bladders
  • SEs: dry mouth, tachycardia, constipation, blurred vision
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20
Q

ACICLOVIR

A
  • Antiviral
  • Treatment of acute episodes of herpesvirus infection and suppression of recurrent herpes simplex attacks
  • SEs: headache, dizziness, GI disturbance and skin rash. Phlebitis if injected, and acute renal failure at high doses
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21
Q

CLOPIDROGREL

A
  • Antiplatelet, ADP receptor antagonist
  • For treatment of ACS (usually in combination with aspirin), prevent occlusion of coronary artery stents, and for long-term secondary prevention of thrombotic arterial events
  • SEs: bleeding and GI upset. Avoid in patients with active bleeding and stop 7 days before elective surgery
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22
Q

ASPIRIN

A
  • Antiplatelet
  • Treatment of ACS and acute ischaemic stroke, longterm secondary prevention of thrombotic arterial events
  • SEs: GI irritation, peptic ulceration and haemorrhage. Overdose: tinnitus & life-threatening
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23
Q

AZATHIOPRINE

A
  • immunosuppressant
  • Maintenance of remission in IBD and disease modifying agent in rheumatoid arthritis
  • SEs: Bone marrow suppression (increased risk of infection) , nausea and hypersensitivity reactions
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24
Q

BISOPROLOL, ATENOLOL, PROPANOLOL, METOPROLOL

A
  • Beta-blockers
  • IHD to improve symptoms, improves prognosis in chronic heart failure, maintains sinus rhythm in AF, and can also be used (but not preferred) for SVT and HTN
  • SEs: Impotence in men . Should be avoided in asthmatics as can cause life-threatening bronchospasm
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25
Q

SALBUTAMOL, TERBUTALINE, SALMETEROL

A
  • B2 agonists
  • Asthma , COPD, Hyperkalaemia (nebulised salbutamol)
  • SEs: tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety, tremor
  • Long-acting: muscle cramps
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26
Q

DIAZEPAM, LORAZEPAM

A
  • Benzodiazepines
  • First line management of seizures and status epileptics, first line management of alcohol withdrawal reactions
  • SEs: drowsiness, sedation and coma (OD: airway obstruction and death)
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27
Q

ALENDRONIC ACID

A
  • Bisphosphonate
  • First line for patients at risk of osteoporotic-fragility fractures, severe hypercalcaemia of malignancy and for patients with myeloma and breast cancer with bone metastases
  • SEs: oesophagitis and hypophosphataemia
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28
Q

CALCIUM CARBONATE, CALCIUM GLUCONATE, COLECALCIFEROL

A
  • Calcium and Vitamin D
  • Used in osteoporosis, CKD (to prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism), calcium glauconite is used in severe hyperkalaemia to prevent life-threatening arrhythmias. Calcium used in symptomatic hypocalcaemia, and Vit D is used in deficiencies
  • SEs: dyspepsia and constipation (cardiovascular collapse if administered too quickly
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29
Q

AMLODIPINE , NIFEDIPINE, VERAPAMIL, DILTIAZEM

A
  • Calcium Channel Blockers
  • Amlodipine and nifedipine used for HTN. All control symptoms in people with stable angina . Diltiazem and verapamil control cardiac rate in patients with SV arrhythmias
  • SEs: Amlodipine and nifedipine: ankle swelling, flushing, headache and palpitations. Verapamil: constipation
30
Q

CARBAMAZEPINE

A
  • Carbamazepine
  • Seizure prophylaxis in epilepsy and a first line pain control for trigeminal neuralgia
  • SEs: GI upset (N&V), neurological effects (dizziness and ataxia) . Hypersensitivity (maculopapular rash)
31
Q

CEFALEXIN, CEFOTAXIME

A
  • Cephalosporins (broad spectrum
  • second and third-line options for urinary and respiratory tract infections
  • GI upset, antibiotic associated colitis (C.difficile) . Avoid in patients who are allergic to penicillin, and those who are at risk of C.difficle.
32
Q

CHLORAMPHENICOL

A
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Bacterial conjunctivitis, otitis externa
  • SEs: stinging, burning and itching
33
Q

BECLOMETASONE, BUDESONIDE, FLUTICASONE

A
  • Corticosteroids, inhaled
  • Asthma and COPD
  • Oral candidiasis, hoarse voice
34
Q

PREDNISOLONE, HYDROCORTISONE, DEXAMETHASONE

A
  • Corticosteroids, systemic
  • Allergic and inflammatory disorders (anaphylaxis, asthma), suppression of autoimmune disease (IBD), hormone replacement in adrenal insufficiency or hypopituitarism
  • SEs: Increased risk of infection , adrenal atrophy in long term use
35
Q

HYDROCORTISONE, BETAMETHASONE

A
  • Corticosteroids, topical
  • inflammatory skin conditions i.e. eczema
  • local adverse effects such as skin thinning only at high doses
36
Q

DIGOXIN

A
  • Digoxin
  • In AF and atrial flutter it is used to reduce the ventricular rate. As an adjunct to ACEi, BB, ARB/ACEi in severe heart failure
  • SEs: bradycardia, GI disturbance, rash, dizziness, visual disturbance
37
Q

SITAGLIPTIN, LINAGLIPTIN, SAXAGLIPTIN

A
  • Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors
  • T2DM in combination with metformin or as a single agent when metformin isn’t tolerated
  • SEs: well tolerated, potentially hypoglycaemia
38
Q

APIXIBAN, DABIGATRAN, EDOXABAN, RIVAROXABAN

A
  • Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC)
  • VTE, AF
  • Bleeding, GI bleeding
39
Q

FUROSEMIDE

A
  • Loop Diuretic
  • relief of breathlessness in acute pulmonary oedema in conjunction with oxygen and nitrates. Symptomatic treatment of fluid overload in chronic heart failure and other oedematous states
  • SEs: dehydration and hypotension
40
Q

BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE

A
  • thiazide diuretic
  • Hypertension
  • SEs: hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia and therefore cardiac arrhythmias
41
Q

ALTEPLASE

A
  • Fibrinolytic drugs
  • Acute ischaemic stroke, acute ST elevation MI, massive PE with haemodynamic instability
  • SEs: cause, vomiting, bruising and hypotension
42
Q

RANITIDINE

A
  • H2 receptor antagonist
  • Peptic Ulcer Disease, GORD
  • SEs: few side effects
43
Q

LMWH, FONDAPARINUX

A
  • Heparins
  • DVT and PE, ACS in combination with antiplatelet agents
  • SEs: haemorrahge. Bruising at the injection site
44
Q

INSULIN ASPART, INSULIN GLARGINE, BISPHASIC INSULIN, SOLUBLE INSULIN

A
  • Insulin
  • Insulin replacement in TIDM, T2DM. Given IV in the treatment of diabetic emergencies. Treatment of hyperkalaemia with gluocose
  • SEs: hypoglycaemia
45
Q

FERROUS FUMARATE, FERROUS SULFATE

A
  • Iron
  • Treatment and prophylaxis of iron-deficiency anaemia
  • SEs: GI upset
46
Q

LACTULOSE, MACROGOL, PHOSPHATE ENEMA

A
  • Laxatives, osmotic
  • Constipation and faecal impaction, bowel preparation prior to surgery, and hepatic encephalopathy
  • SEs: Flatulence, abdominal cramps and nausea
47
Q

MONTELUKAST

A
  • Leukotriene receptor antagonists
  • Add on therapy for asthma
  • SEs: headache and abdominal pain
48
Q

LIDOCAINE

A
  • Lidocaine
  • first-choice local anaesthetic
  • SEs: stinging
49
Q

CLARITHROMYCIN, ERYTHROMYCIN, AZITHROMYCIN

A
  • Macrolides
  • Respiratory, skin and soft tissue infections when a penicillin is contraindicated. In severe pneumonia it’s added to penicillin to cover atypical organisms (Legionella and Mycoplasma). Eradication of H.Pylori in combination with PPI and axomicillin
  • SEs: GI irritant, allergy, antibiotic-associated colitis . High doses: ototoxicity, cholestatic jaundice, arrhythmias
50
Q

METFORMIN

A
  • metformin
  • First choice hypoglycaemic drug in T2DM
  • SEs: GI upset (N&V, anorexia and diarrhoea)
51
Q

METRONIDAZOLE

A
  • Metronidazole (aerobic bacteria and protozoa)
  • Antibiotic-associated colitis, Oral infections or aspiration pneumonias caused by Gram-negative anaerobes. Protozoal infections
  • SEs: GI upset, delayed hypersensitivity reactions
52
Q

GLYCERYL TRINITRATE

A
  • nitrates
  • acute angina and chest pain associated with ACS. Long acting nitrates are used for prophylaxis of angina. Used with furosemide and oxygen in treatment for pulmonary oedema
  • SEs: flushing, headaches, light-headedness and hypotension
53
Q

NITROFURANTOIN

A
  • Nitrofurantoin
  • first choice for acute, uncomplicated UTI. Prophylaxic of UTI in patients with recurrent infections
  • SEs: GI upset and delayed hypersensitivity
54
Q

NAPROXEN, IBUPROFEN

A
  • NSAIDs
  • ‘as needed’ mild to moderate pain relief. Regular pain related to inflammation.
  • SEs: GI toxicity, renal impairment and cardiovascular events
55
Q

MORPHINE, OXYCODONE

A
  • Opioids, strong
  • Rapid relief of acute severe pain , relief of chronic pain (rung 3 on the pain ladder), relief of breathlessness and anxiety in acute pulmonary oedema
  • SEs: respiratory depression, pupillary constriction. At higher doses: neurological depression, N&V. Problems with dependence and withdrawal reactions
56
Q

TRAMADOL, CODEINE

A
  • Opioids, weak
  • Mild to moderate pain relief
  • SEs: nausea, constipation, dizziness and drowsiness. Can cause neurological and respiratory depression
57
Q

BENZYLPENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLIN

A
  • Penicillins
  • Streptococcal infection including tonsillitis, pneumonia (together with a macrolide or tetracycline), endocarditis (usually with gentamicin) and skin and soft tissue infections (with flucloxacillin). Treatment of meningococcal infection (meningitis or septicaemia). Treatment of clostridial infections, (gas gangrene)
  • SEs: Allergy causing a skin rash (very common) or immediate anaphylaxis. High dose: neurological toxicity
58
Q

AMOXICILLIN, CO-AMOXICLAV

A
  • Penicillins, broad-spectrum
  • Amoxicllin: a range of susceptible infections, as well as H.Pylori treatment with clarithromycin. Co-amoxicalv is a common choice for severe, resistant hospital acquired infections.
  • SEs: GI upset , penicillin allergy
59
Q

LANSOPRAZOLE, OMEPRAZOLE

A
  • Proton Pump Inhibitors
  • Prevention and treatment of PUD. Symptomatic relief of dyspepsia and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Eradication of H.Pylori
  • SEs: GI disturbance and headache . Prolonged treatment: hypomagnesaemia
60
Q

CIPROFLOXACIN, MOXIFLOXACIN, LEVOFLXACIN

A
  • Quinolones (broad spectrum of use against Gram negatives)
  • 2nd or 3rd line treatment. Usually for UTIs , severe gastroenteritis (due to Shigella , Camplyobacter), LRTI
  • SEs: GI upset. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity. Most commonly associated with C.difficile colitis. Prolong QT interval, increasing the risk of arrhythmias.
61
Q

SUMITRIPTAN

A
  • Serotonin 5-HT1-receptor agonists
  • Treatment of acute migraine with or without aura
  • SEs: pain or discomfort in the chest and throat
62
Q

SIMVASTATIN, ATORVASTATIN

A
  • statins
  • Primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Primary hyperlipidaemia
  • SEs: headache and GI disturbances
63
Q

GLICLAZIDE

A
  • Sulphonylureas (insulin secretagogues)
  • In T2DM in combination with metformin (or as a single agent when metformin is contraindicated)
  • SEs: GI upset and hypoglycaemia
64
Q

DOXYCYCLINE

A
  • Tetracylines
  • LRTI (infective exacerbations of COPD) , typical and atypical pneumonia. Chlamydial infection, including pelvic inflammatory disease
  • SEs: nausea, D&V
65
Q

LEVOTHYROXINE, LIOTHYRONINE

A
  • thyroid hormones
  • Primary hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism secondary to hypopituitarism
  • SEs: excessive doses can mimic symptoms of hyperthyroidism (D&V, weight loss, palpitations, tremor, restlessness)
66
Q

TRIMETHROPRIN, CO-TRIMOXAZOLE

A
  • Trimethoprim
  • Acute lower UTI, or prophylaxis of recurrent UTI
  • SEs: GI upset and skin rash
67
Q

SODIUM VALPROATE, VALPROIC ACID

A
  • Valproate
  • Seizure prophylaxis in epilepsy
  • SEs: GI upset, neurological and psychiatric effects, thrombocytopenia and transient increase in liver enzymes
68
Q

VANCOMYCIN

A
  • Vancomycin
  • Treatment of gram-positive infection (e.g. endocarditis) where penicillins can’t be used due to resistance. Treatment of antibiotic associated colitis (second line to metronidazole)
  • SEs: Thrombophlebitis. ‘Red man syndrome’ (generalised erythema). Immediate/delayed hypersensitivity. Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia
69
Q

FOLIC ACID

A
  • vitamin (synthetic folate, or vitamin B9)
  • Used in megaloblastic anaemia as a result of folate deficiency, and in the first trimester of pregnancy to reduce risk of neural tube defects
  • SEs: non-toxic,
70
Q

THIAMINE

A
  • vitamin ( B1)
  • Treatment and prevention of Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff’s psychosis
  • SEs: high doses may rarely cause anaphylaxis
71
Q

HYDROXYCOBALAMIN

A
  • vitamin (synthetic cobalamin/ B12)
  • treatment of megaloblastic anaemia and subacute combined degeneration of the cord as a result of B12 deficiency
  • SEs: non-toxic
72
Q

WARFARIN

A
  • Warfarin
  • treatment and secondary prevention of VTE (initial concomitant therapy with heparin is required). To prevent arterial embolism in patients with AF
  • SEs: bleeding

Y3 z Symptom differentials/cases (31 decks)

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