Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology 2 > Tongue, esophagus, stomach > Flashcards

Tongue, esophagus, stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the three layers of the mucosa?

A

Epithelial lining, corium (CT), Muscularis mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What control the movement of the mucosa?

A

Muscularis Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are the muscles in the muscularis mucosa is arranged?

A

Inner circular, outer longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the local nervous system of the GIT and where its located? and what their functions?

A
  • Enteric plexus (Messiner plexus ) located in the sub-mucosa , mainly control the secreatory activity and the motility of the mucosa.
  • Myenteric plexus ( Aurebach’s plexus) Located in the Muscularis externa, control the motility of the GIT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the lining of the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

stratified squamous parakeratinized to keratinized epithelium,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the lining of the ventral surface of the tongue?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the core muscle of the tongue?

A

skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The anterior 2/3 of the tongue is separated from the posterior 1/2 of the tongue by? and its apex ends at ?

A

Sulcus Terminalis

Foramen Cecum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List the names of all the tongue papillae, their features?

A

a. Filiform papillae are short, narrow, highly keratinized
structures lacking taste buds.
b. Fungiform papillae are mushroom-shaped structures
interspersed among the filiform papillae; they contain
occasional taste buds.
c. Foliate papillae are shallow longitudinal furrows on the lateral aspect of the posterior region of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Their taste buds degenerate shortly after the second year of life.
d. Circumvallate papillae are 10 to 15 large circular papillae,each of which is surrounded by a moat-like furrow. They lie just anterior to the sulcus terminalis and possess taste buds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which papillae does not posses tatse buds?

A

Filiform Papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which papilla lose its taste buds in the 2nd year of life (degenerated)

A

Foliate papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tastes buds are composed of what ?

A
  • 60 to 80 spindle-shaped cells

- Each taste bud has a small opening, the taste pore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Taste hairs are……

A

Microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Microvilli project into….

A

The oral cavity

The moat- like groove of the circumvalet papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many cells are identified in the taste buds? and what are their functions?

A

Four different cells may be recognized:
- dark cells ,
- light cells
-intermediate cells (type III cells) have short life
spans; the fourth type are the short, regenerative, basal
cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which type of stem cells are the basal regenerative cells?

A

Pluripotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the life span of taste buds cells?

A

The process of going from a newly formed dark cell to a dead intermediate cell takes about 10 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the site of nerve innervation in the taste bud?

A

basal cells synapses with afferent nerve fibers that deliver the taste information to the central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the morphological regions of the GIT?

A

the esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and large intestine (cecum,
colon, rectum, anal canal, and appendix).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the common histological layers of the GIT

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Musclaris Externa
  • Serosa or Adventita
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the main controlling nervous system of the GIT and what modifies it?

A

Enteric Plexus, Myenteric Plexus

- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the pace maker of the GIT and where its located? and how do they contract?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal
Located in the Muscularis Externa
They are contract rhythmically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the Auerbach’s Myenteric plexus? And where its located?

A
  • regulates the activity of the muscularis externa.

- is situated between the muscle layers ( muscularis externa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The muscularis externa motility is controlled by?

A

Auerbach’s Myenteric plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Intraperitoneal organs are covered by?

A

Serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Retroperitoneal organs are covered by?

A

Adventitia ( dense irregular connective tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How many layer of muscles in the muscularis mucosa of the esophagus?

A

single longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The esophageal lamina propria and submucosa contain….?

A

mucus-secreting esophageal and cardiac glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the muscular composition of the esophageal muscularis externa?

A
  • upper third is composed only of skeletal muscle
  • the middle third is composed of a combination of smooth and skeletal muscle
  • the lower third is composed only of smooth muscle.
31
Q

How many physiological sphincter the esophagus have? Name them and what is their function and location?

A

2
(pharyngoesophageal and the gastroesophageal)
- in the muscularis externa
- ensure that the bolus is transported in one direction only toward the stomach.

32
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the stomach?

A

a simple columnar epithelium

33
Q

What are the histological changes that occur in the gastro-esophageal junction?

A

1- The stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus changes ,abruptly into simple columnar.
2- The C.T. lamina propria of the mucosa of the stomach contains branched tubular glands.
3- esophageal glands present in its submucosa, stop or continue for a short distance in the submucosa of the stomach.
4- The musculosa becomes more thick in the stomach due to appearance of an inner oblique layer of muscles.

34
Q

How many layers of muscles in the stomach musculosa (muscularis externa)?

A

3

an outer longitudinal layer, a middle circular layer, and inner oblique layer.

35
Q

What is the external layer of the stomach and the esophagus?

A

The external layer of esophagus is adventitia but in stomach is serosa.

36
Q

What are the anatomical division of the stomach?

A

cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

37
Q

Which divisions of the stomach are histologically identical?

A

the fundus and body

38
Q

What are rugae and which layers from them? When do the appear and disappear?

A
  • longitudinal folds of the mucosa and submucosa

- which disappear in the distended stomach.

39
Q

The gastric pit (foveola) is formed by …. And it’s the opening of …?

A

epithelial lining of the stomach invaginates into the mucosa,
the gastric glands.

40
Q

Which mechanism protects the stomach from auto-digestion?

A

Epithelium lining the lumen;secrete a thick layer of visible mucus that protects the stomach from
auto digestion.

41
Q

The mucosa of the fundus of the stomach is composed of?

A

Epithelial lining
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

42
Q

Which junctions are formed btw stomach epithelia?

A

zonulae occludentes and

zonulae adherentes

43
Q

Gastric glands or fundic gland are located in ?

A

In the lamina propria of the mucus layer.

44
Q

Describe the location, arrangement and division of the fundic gland?

A
  • Each fundic gland extends from the muscularis mucosa to the base of the gastric pit.
45
Q

List the different cells in the gastric gland and their functions?

A 
1- The surface-lining cells 
2- Mucous neck cells a
3- Stem (regenerative)cells
4- Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells
5- Chief (Zymogenic) Cells
6- DNES Cells (APUD or Enteroendocrine Cells)
46
Q

What is the characteristic of an active Oxyntic (parietal) cell?

A

a deep intracellular canaliculai with microvilli.

47
Q

Which cell in the fundic gland secrete HCL?

A

Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells

48
Q

What are the secretion of the Oxyntic cell and their functions?

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor

49
Q

Which enzyme catalyse the conversion of cytoplasmic water and CO2 to H and HCO3?

A

carbonic anhydrase

50
Q

How is the mucus neck cell is different from the surface lining cells?

A

The surface-lining cells: secrete thick mucous
The surface-lining cells:
secrete soluble mucus and functions to lubricate the gastric contents

51
Q

What type of stem cells is the regenerative cells in the fundic gland?

A

plueripotent
divide to give progenitor cells for all the
other Gastric epithelial cells.

52
Q

Where does CL and H join to form HCL?

A

in the lumen

53
Q

Which cell in the gastric gland is basophilic?

A

Chief (Zymogenic) Cells
basally located nuclei, and apically situated secretory granules that house the
proenzyme

54
Q

What does the gastric chief cell secrete?

A

proenzyme pepsinogen (as well as rennin and gastric lipase).

55
Q

Which nerve influence the secretion of pepsinogen?

A

vagus nerve.

56
Q

Which hormone influence the secretion of pepsinogen and what is mechanism?

A

secreten
binding to receptors in their basal
lamina.

57
Q

Which DNES cells secrete Serotonin and how it influences the stomach?

A

EC-cells

58
Q

Gastric carcinoids tumors arise from which cells? And what are the associated symptoms?

A
  • EC-cells
  • overproduction of serotonin.
  • Serotonin increases gut motility and mucosal vasoconstriction and tissue
    damage.
59
Q

What are the causes of Gastric duodenal ulcers?

A

1- Bacterial infections with Helicobacter pylori.
2- Effects of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs. (NSAID)
3- Overproduction of HCl or pepsin.
4- Lowered production or secretion of mucus or bicarbonate.

60
Q

Which taste buds cell have a short life span?

A

Intermediate cells.

61
Q

What is the function of taste buds?

A

perceive salt, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami

taste sensations.

62
Q

What type of epithelial are taste buds?

A

neuroepithelial

63
Q

When basal cells of the taste buds divide they give rise to……

A

basal cell and a dark cell. (Other gustatory cells)

64
Q

How many muscular layer in the fundus of the stomach, and how are they arranged?

A

The smooth muscle cells that compose the muscularis mucosae are arranged in three layers. The inner and outer
circular and middle longitudinal layers.

65
Q

Describe the histological features of the Epithelium lining the lumen of the fundus?

A

Their apical surfaces display short microvilli coverd with glycocalyx layer
Their apical cytoplasm contain mucous granules

66
Q

Which Gastric glands cell is located in the isthmus of the gland?

A

The surface-lining cells

Stem (regenerative)cells

67
Q

Which Gastric glands cell is located in the neck of the gland?

A

The surface-lining cells

Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells:

68
Q

Which Gastric glands cell is located in the base of the gland?

A

Chief (Zymogenic) Cells:

DNES Cells

69
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic factor that is released by the Oxyntic cells?

A

required for uptake of vitamin B12 in the small intestine

70
Q

What is the histological features of the Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells:?

A

Pyramid in shape
active parietal cell is a deep intracellular
canaliculai with microvilli.

71
Q

Where does Gastric duodenal ulcers occur?

A

between the lower esophagus and the

jejunum,

72
Q

What is Gastric duodenal ulcers ?

A

painful erosive lesions of the mucosa that may extend to deeper layers.

73
Q

Pyloric sphincter is formed by?

A

the middle circular layer is greatly thickened to form the pyloric sphincter.

Histology 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions