Tolerance, Sensitivity , Expectation (Chap 3)

Question 1

Tolerance Def

Answer 1

• decrease potency/sensitivity of a drug from repeated administrations
• have to increase dosage amount to maintain effectiveness
• Tachyphylaxis: decrease medical response so the dosage has to increase to experience primary effect+ increases side

** longer time is require to tol therefore same amount of time to diminish tol

Question 2

Tolerance Type

Answer 2

• Acute
• -> acute drug effect Reward/ Immediate
• Chronic : plasticity/neuroadaptation( modify pathways) –> paradigm shift: response change to chronic use
• Cross-tolerance: tolerance for one drug can be created for a similar one (share common mec)

Question 3

Mechanisms of Tolerance

Answer 3

• Pharmacokinetic/Metabolic: increase rate of metabolizing drug–> decreases the # of molecules reaching action site
• Pharmocodynamic/Physiological: adjustment of body to compensate an effect of continued presence of drug
• ->Homeostasis: anticipatory CR w/ cu
• -> physiological change from drug to trigger unconditioned compensatory rxn
• Functional Disturbances: tol will only develop if homeostasis was disrupted
• Behavioral : experience can decrease effect of drug
• General or non specific: change can increase of decrease EPSP

Question 4

Withdrawal

Answer 4

-change physical when dose decreases or ceases

Question 5

Reward + Addiction

Answer 5

• mediated by neural circuits
• addictive drug=directly stimulated
• reward transmitter: dopamin, endgenous opioids, seretonin, endocannabinoids
• -> reward doesnt not equal addiction

Question 6

Cross Dependance

Answer 6

-drug of same family can decrease the withdrawal symptoms

Question 7

Dependence

Answer 7

-state w/ withdrawals symptoms when drug use stop

Question 8

Opponent Process Theory

Answer 8

-hangover: toxic effects of drug after acute effects

Question 9

Sensitization

Answer 9

• increased effect of drug w/ increased administration

- ->stereotyped behavior

Question 10

Expectancy + context

Answer 10

• placebo effect
• Factor in medical treatment that avoid placebo
• Nocebo effect
• Self-admin
• novel environment

Question 11

Net Effect

Answer 11

-drug effect + withdrawal effect

Question 12

Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System

Answer 12

• > substantia nigra to nigrostriatal pathway

- >ventral tegemental area to mesocortical limbic pathway

Question 13

Contingent drug tolerance

Answer 13

• before and after exp design

- behavior effect of drug effect

Question 14

Alcohol and Convulsion

Answer 14

• prior alcohol consumption reduced seizure time
• once tolerance increase so does seizure time
• effects determined via contingent tol and conditioned tol

Question 15

Conditioned tolerance

Answer 15

-role of environment which drug is admid on tol development

Question 16

Alcohol and Hypothermia

Answer 16

• become less tol of cold effect over time

- tol will be nothing in completely new environment