substance use and addictive disorders (chap 5) Flashcards
Research of addiction
- belief
- theories
- dificient in morals
- disease model: only strikes some + requires therapy
- predisposition: born w/ and will acquire prior to abuse
- exposure: results from repeated exposure
Addiction as physical dependence
- withdrawal/tolerance (autoxin)
- dependence model :A.) physical state B.) compulsive self admin
- habituation
Difs between animals and humans
- animals can be avoidance trained , humans will still consume
Drug patterns of self admin
- erratic if continuously available
- hedonic days regulation theory
- voluntary withdrawal ( natural setting )
Positive reinforcement
- background
- self-admin via
: stimulus that increases associated behavior
- flavor toxicosis learning
- intragastric, intracranial( electrodes), intraventricular
Problems with positive reinforcement
- positive rein. Paradox : temporal distant / behavior modification lessened ( self mutilation to death or overeat or STD)
- has more control over behavior
- incentive sensitization theory
- circularity
- drive reduction/ induction , consumattory behavior
Negative reinforcement in animals
LSD, Antipsychotics, imipramine
Alter reinforcement value of drug
- dif drug –> abuse potential/liability
- dose of drug
- breeding of ind+ strain diff
- relief of unpleasant symptoms
- task demand /certain effects
- stress: use drug to relieve trigger
- other deprivations + motivations ( hunger)
- previous exp w/ other or same drugs
- withdrawal symptoms
- extended access = use more
- priming/ reinstatement = awakens previous exp
- conditioned reinforcement
- second order schedule = condition tolerenance
Neuroanatomy of motivation+ reinforcement
- incentive
- motivation control system ( reinforcement center)
- activation : sensorimotor hypothesis
- guidance
- role of dopamine
- liking ( hedonic hypothesis) VS. Wanting
motivation control system
- DA disminishes motor loop
- motor loop: new info recorded
- learning + mem syst ( incentive Salina )
- fig 5.3
Drugs as reinforces
- works like natural positive reinforce ( lacks satiety
- “high”drug = efficient route = faster and highest peak
- block inhibitory input to not circuit
Stress and reinforcement
- increase strength for reinforcement stimulus
- long term effects
- increase incentive value of drive = any stress can trigger vs original stresser
- glucoecorticoids = increase NA , DA
Incentive sensitization theory
- motivational magnets
- incentives values : dependent on food+ dependent on abuse liability of potential
- rates of response : increase reinforce= increase RR
- Progressive Ratio: Breaking pt= abuse potential (multi levels of lever
- Choice Paradigm b/n 2 choise, which is best
- Dose of Drug: increae dose and increase effect
- Genetic Dif :ie alcohol preference or avoidance
- Relife of unpleasant symptoms
Issues with rates of responding
- pentobarbital –> confound ( reinforce but anesthetic)
- cocaine : increase response due to behavior OR physical (confound)
Incentive sensitization and craving
craving= desire to exp effect experienced from previous administration
a-stimulus= easy to notice and attended by org ( increase incentive salience /trigger)
b- stimuli–> motivates directed behavior (activation of mesolimbic DA system)
