Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuropharmacology Of Addiction > Tolerance, Dependence, Reinforcement > Flashcards

Tolerance, Dependence, Reinforcement Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 parts of the continuum of involvement with drug use?

A

1) occasional use
2) frequent use
3) physiological dependence
4) compulsive drug use
5) overwhelming involvement (addiction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is addiction?

A

A behavioral pattern of drug use that is characterized by preoccupation with the acquisition of the drug, compulsive use, and a high tendency to relapse after withdrawal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 basic processes related to addiction?

A

1) tolerance
2) dependence
3) reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is tolerance?

A

When repeated exposure to the same dose results in a lesser effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false: with people with high tolerance, a higher dose is needed for the same effect or sometimes the original effect isn’t possible at all.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is cross tolerance?

A

Development of tolerance to one drug that results in decreased sensitivity to another drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 2 examples of drug pairs that can have cross tolerance?

A

1) barbituates & alcohol

2) cocaine & amphetamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 types of drug tolerance?

A

1) Pharmacokinetic (metabolic)
2) Pharmacodynamic (physiological)
3) Context-specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is pharmacokinetic tolerance (metabolic)?

A

The liver synthesizes more enzymes to break down the drug after being exposed for a length of time, and so all of the drug’s effects will develop tolerance because it is due to overall decrease in the concentration of the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is pharmacodynamic tolerance (physiological)?

A

Involves adaptations in the way individual neurons respond to a drug—may involve changes in homeostasis or changes in receptor sensitivity; viewed as the brain’s way of keeping things within normal limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is down regulation and what type of tolerance is this?

A

1) reduction in the number of receptors

2) pharmacodynamic (physiological)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is desensitization and what type of tolerance is this?

A

1) decrease in receptor’s ability to respond to changes

2) physiological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is up-regulation?

A

The increase in number of functional receptors, pharmacodynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Increase in receptor’s ability to elicit changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tolerance to drugs that mimic the actions of neurotransmitters tend to do what at the level of the neuron?

A

Cause down-regulation & desensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tolerance to drugs that decrease the actions of a NT tend to do what at the level of the neuron?

A

Cause up-regulation and sensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is context specific tolerance or behavioral tolerance?

A

Tolerance caused by a learned adaptation to the drug; when a drug is taken in one environment but loses tolerance when taken in another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or false: with context specific tolerance, people may learn to adapt to the altered state of their NS and therefore compensate for their impairment

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or false: drug tolerance always develops uniformly

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the problem with alcohol and barbituates when talking about tolerance?

A

The beneficial and recreational effects of the drug may show tolerance, but the lethal effects do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or false: tolerance to the drug may happen to the desired extent, but a person may actually be more sensitive to the side effects

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is non-uniform tolerance also present in amphetamines?

A

There is tolerance to euphoria, but user can become more sensitive to psychotic-producing effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Generally when talking about drugs, what is sensitization?

A

Increased response to same dose with repeated binge-like exposure OR less drug needed to achieve the same effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is drug dependence and drug abuse, and how are they different?

A

Drug dependence is when drug use causes uncontrollable moods that lead the user to use drugs compulsively despite the obvious adverse effects, and drug abuse is using drugs in doses or ways that result in adverse effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two types of dependence?

A

Psychological dependence and physical dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How can you know is a type of dependence is physical dependence?

A

The presence of withdrawal syndrome

27
Q

What is withdrawal syndrome?

A

Set of defined symptoms associated with lower blood levels of a particular drug

28
Q

The effects of withdrawal are _____ the effects of the drug

A

Opposite

29
Q

How does withdrawal occur?

A

Due to changes in the NS in place in response to chronic presence of the drug; when the drug is removed the compensatory mechanisms are still in place and so imbalance results

30
Q

True or false: the duration and intensity of withdrawal syndrome is highly correlated with the duration and intensity of the drug’s direct effects

A

True

31
Q

Chronic use of a drug with a short plasma half life will induce a ________ but ________ lasting withdrawal syndrome.

A

Relatively intense, short

32
Q

Chronic use of a drug with a long plasma half-life will result in a ______ abstinence syndrome that dissipates ______

A

Relatively weak, slowly

33
Q

Which of the opioids has the highest severity of withdrawal?

A

Heroin

34
Q

True or false: in order for withdrawal syndrome to occur, the body must’ve developed tolerance to the drug’s effects

A

True

35
Q

Why is tolerance necessary for physical dependence?

A

Because tolerance involves the body producing compensatory mechanisms to counteract the effects of the drug and this is what leads to withdrawal syndrome when there is no longer drug in the system

36
Q

What is the possible mechanism of tolerance for amphetamine and cocaine?

A

The drugs may induce depletion of NT which causes less effects upon additional administration

37
Q

What is a potential mechanism of tolerance for nicotine?

A

Nicotine is slow to unbind and therefore might saturate receptors, causing them to desensitize (higher levels of nicotine may act as antagonists)

38
Q

What is psychological dependence, and how does it come about?

A

1) compulsion or desire to experience the effects of a drug because it is pleasant or reduces discomfort
2) comes about because of rewarding effects of the drug

39
Q

What influences psychological dependence?

A

The context the person is, so learning and memory

40
Q

True or false: All abuse-prone drugs enhance brain reward or lower the threshold for reward

A

True

41
Q

True or false: there are some drugs that produce no psychological dependence but will induce physical dependence and withdrawal

A

True

42
Q

What types of drugs have minimal addictive potential?

A

Psychotherapeutic drugs like antidepressants and antipsychotics

43
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Something that strengthens a behavior

44
Q

How do we see examples of reinforcement in the lab with animals?

A

Mice will continue to press a lever if that means administration of the drug

45
Q

Are drugs that rats will administer considered to be positive or negative reinforcers? And what type of dependence in humans is this type of reinforcement likely to lead to?

A

1) positive reinforcement

2) psychological dependence & likely addiction

46
Q

Until the 1950’s, what was addiction thought to be?

A

Just a human problem of irresponsibility and immorality b/c at this time addictive behavior could not be produced in animals

47
Q

What was the problem before the 1950’s that was the reason for lack of success in the lab for showing addiction in animals?

A

Oral administration of drugs, animals couldn’t associate it with effects (they could become physically dependent but wouldn’t do it on their own)

48
Q

What technology in the mid 1950’s allowed scientists to show that animals could associate drug consumption and relief of withdrawal symptoms?

A

intravenous drug infusions

49
Q

True or false: even animals who were not physically dependent would still administer small doses of morphine.

A

True

50
Q

True or false: Animals will self-administer drugs that do not cause major physical dependence.

A

True

51
Q

If an animal will self administer a drug that does not cause major physical dependence, then what can you say about that drug?

A

It is acting as a positive reinforcer

52
Q

What is the positive reinforcement paradox?

A

The fact that drugs will continue to act as positive reinforcers despite causing unpleasant consequences

53
Q

Describe how the motivation control system works.

A

Reinforcement system works by activating the motor loop in response to a stimulus like hunger. Past behaviors from learning and memory centers contribute to this loop. Kitchen & food example.

54
Q

What five brain areas are involved in reinforcement and reward?

A

1) nucleus accumbens
2) VTA
3) basal ganglia
4) hippocampus
5) prefrontal cortex

55
Q

Virtually all drugs of abuse target the reward pathways of the brain, but which synapse is particularly targeted?

A

The dopamine neurons that project onto the NA from the VTA

56
Q

All addictive drugs produce an increase in dopamine where?

A

the NA

57
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia in the reward system?

A

Increases motor output to produce an overall increase in behavior

58
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in the reward system?

A

It tells the NA where we are and what is happening around us

59
Q

What is the role of prefrontal cortex in the reward system?

A

Gives the NA several options for behavior

60
Q

Why doesn’t everyone who tried a drug become addicted?

A

Genetic factors, sociological factors, psychological factors

61
Q

What is the role of genetics in dependence and addiction?

A

They contribute more to drug abuse than use, but children of alcoholics for example are more likely to become alcoholics; possible inborn difference in NT systems may contribute to drug-seeking behavior

62
Q

What is the role of sociology in dependence and addiction?

A

Weak family involvement related to drug use, religion correlates to non-abuse, prior exposure to substances also contributes

63
Q

How does prior exposure affect the drug use of individuals?

A

Exposure to licit substances such as alcohol or nicotine increases the likelihood of using other illicit drugs such as cocaine, heroin, or LSD

64
Q

What is the role of psychology in dependence and addiction?

A

Antisocial people or thrill seekers seem to be targets for addiction

Neuropharmacology Of Addiction (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions