tokas

Question 1

Anchoring​ bias

Answer 1

The first thing you judge influences your judgment of all that follows.​

if you tried lip balm and it helped your dry lips, you would eventually think that any other lipbalm is worse.

Question 2

The sunk cost fallacy

Answer 2

You irrationally cling to things that have already cost you something.​

if you hate the school you are in but you had to pass the exams to get in, you are not gonna quit.

Question 3

The availability heuristic​ bias

Answer 3

Your judgments are influenced by what springs most easily to mind.​

I am not gonna leave my charger connected to the socket because a guy’s house burndown 10 years ago because of that.

Question 4

The curse of knowledge​
bias

Answer 4

Once you understand something you presume it to be obvious to everyone.​

you start listening to the TOK lesson where the teacher is telling you words but not definitions.

Question 5

The confirmation bias​

Answer 5

You favor things that confirm your existing beliefs.​

philosophy doctors are not real doctors because they don’t do surgeries

Question 6

The dunning-kruger effect​

Answer 6

People with low ability at a task overestimate their own ability, and people with high ability at a task underestimate their own ability.​

a person with low ability will think of something as a performance, a person with a good ability will think of it as a “good” performance that has to be done

Question 7

Belief bias​

Answer 7

If a conclusion supports your existing beliefs, you’ll rationalize anything that supports it.​

planets are in a sky, starts are in a sky, therefore stars are planets.

Question 8

Self-serving bias​

Answer 8

You believe your failures are due to external factors, yet you’re responsible for your successes.​

I am good at this game it’s just not my day to play it.

Question 9

The backfire effect​

Answer 9

When some aspect of your core beliefs is challenged, it can cause you to believe even more strongly.​

if I truly believe that the value of family is the most important thing in the world and someone would say that “yourself comes first”, as it objects to my belief, I am going to believe it more and even try to make the other person believe it too.

Question 10

The Barnum effect​

Answer 10

You see personal specifics in vague statements by filling in the gaps.​

you came with a new blouse that you are not fully comfortable with, and if you hear laughing, you assume it was about your blouse.

Question 11

Group think​ bias

Answer 11

You let the social dynamics of a group situation override the best outcomes.​

the math teacher is the worst teacher in the school, if Monica, Rachel, and Pheobe think that, I think that too, they know what they are talking about, as a majority.

Question 12

Negativity bias​

Answer 12

You allow negative things to disproportionately influence your thinking.​

I never gonna learn chemistry, so I am not even gonna try

Question 13

Declinism bias

Answer 13

You remember the past as better than it was and expect the future to be worse than it will likely be.​

I will never be as happy as when I was a kid.

Question 14

The framing effect​

Answer 14

You allow yourself to be unduly influenced by context and delivery.​

these pills will let you sleep better
you won’t sleep if you won’t take these pils

two contexts and their deliveries.

Question 15

Fundamental attribution error​

Answer 15

You judge others on their character, but yourself on the situation.​

did you forget to send out the invitations? you are so irresponsible and do not care at all.

I forgot to send out the invitation because I was so busy getting other stuff done, so it’s understandable.

Question 16

The halo effect​

Answer 16

How much you like someone, or how attractive they are, influences your other judgments of them.

she looks so cute and sweet that I will tip her a little more.

Question 17

Optimism bias​

Answer 17

You overestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes.​

I won’t apply to another university just in case, because I am definitely getting into this one.

Question 18

Pessimism bias​

Answer 18

You overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes.​

I applied to 50 universities but probably won’t get into any of them even if I am the best student.

Question 19

Just-world hypothesis​

Answer 19

Your preference for justice makes you presume it exists.​

everyone should go to jail if they committed any type of crime.

Question 20

In-group bias​

Answer 20

You unfairly favor those who belong to your group.​

I will give my friends free tickets because they are in my group.

Question 21

The placebo effect

Answer 21

If you believe you’re taking medicine, it can sometimes ‘work’ even if it’s fake.

warm milk is the only thing that helps me go to sleep.

Question 22

The bystander effect

Answer 22

You presume someone else is going to do something in case of an emergency.​

if you see someone in trouble you dedicate that responsibility of helping to others, as there for sure be someone who will care.

Question 23

Reactance

Answer 23

You’d rather do the opposite of what someone is trying to make you do.​

Don’t push this red button. don’t eat the candy till I come back.

Question 24

The spotlight effect

Answer 24

You overestimate how much people notice how you look and act.​

you cannot go out of the house without looking the best you can because others will care.

Question 25

Strawman facallity

Answer 25

•A ridiculous parody of an argument and then knocking it down or reducing it to absurdity.

I hate her more than my own life
Then you should probably kill yourself

Question 26

Appeal to emotion

Answer 26

•The fallacy occurs when emotion is used instead of a logical argument.

you can’t play water balloon war because there are poor people without any water source.

Question 27

Fallacy fallacy

Answer 27

•Invalidating an argument because of the presence of a fallacy

If one notices that another person committed a fallacy of telling us that water is good for our organism, we should be now drinking Fanta for breakfast because it is better.

Question 28

MYOB fallacy
•

Answer 28

Rational discussion is cut off because “it is none of your business!”

why do you care what I did there? It’s none of your beeswax.

Question 29

Slippery slope fallacy

Answer 29

•“One thing inevitably leads to another”

if you get A, then mom will B, and then C and D and E, so don’t do the A.

Question 30

Ad hominem

Answer 30

•Attempting to refute an argument by attacking the opposition’s personal character or reputation, using a corrupted negative argument from ethos.

you can’t believe him he doesn’t believe in God, so everything he says it’s not true.

Question 31

Tu quoque

Answer 31

•Defending or excusing a shaky standpoint by pointing out that one’s opponent’s acts and personal character are also open to question/even worse.

did you copy her homework?
well, last year you were copying mine too.

Question 32

Special pleading

Answer 32

•telling a generally-accepted principle and then directly negating it with a “but.”

I love talking with people but only if I instantly feel the connection

Question 33

Burden of proof

Answer 33

•Challenges an opponent to disprove a claim rather than asking the person making the claim to defend his/her own argument.

we live in a simulation. can you prove me wrong? no? then I am right.

Question 34

Bandwagon

Answer 34

•Arguing that because “everyone” supposedly thinks or does something, it must therefore be true and right.

many people think that area 51 is actually an alien keeper area, so it makes it so.

Question 35

Appeal to authority

Answer 35

​​*Appeals to authority are not valid arguments

Area 51 keeps aliens, and Joe Biden didn’t disapprove my statement to the people who were rebelling.
-why are you doing this
-because queen does it

Question 36

No true Scotsman

Answer 36

​​•One’s belief is rendered unfalsifiable

no true Lithuanian hate sourcream on their cepelinai.

Question 37

Black or white

Answer 37

•it doesn’t let the person choose from any other options to “keep the power” and make either white or black decision beneficial either way.

choose your best friend or me, and if you choose him i am going to break up with you.

Question 38

chacterization

Answer 38

errors that weaken arguments in logic and rhetoric

Question 39

the texas sharpshooter

Answer 39

drawing around where shot

Question 40

ambiguity

Answer 40

using double meanings to confuse

Question 41

truth by authority

Answer 41

authority creates questionable turth

Question 42

anecdotal

Answer 42

using personal experience instead of strong arguments or convincing evidence

Question 43

composition\devision

Answer 43

‘something’ is a part of the ‘whole’ and the ‘whole’ is the reason for ‘something’
dp is hard to get in - therefore everyone there are smart people

Question 44

false cause (correlation)

Answer 44

jei taip yra - reiksias tai paaiskina kitus faktorius

You presumed that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of the other.

i am bold now and i feel smarter, the hair gone creates more room for me to think

Question 45

culture

Answer 45

Knowledge gained throughout the years through experiences, in a specific group of people.

Question 46

evidence

Answer 46

a reliable justification, a fact or a claim that someone offers in support of another claim

it’s not proof

Question 47

explanation

Answer 47

are used by people who know in order to make those ideas clear to someone else.

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but it’s not true and not absolutely certain.

Question 48

interpretation

Answer 48

examine the facts in a particular way and the figuring out what they mean. the act of explaining, reframing, or otherwise showing your own understanding of something.

Question 49

truth

Answer 49

truth must be based on your understanding and facts

no truth without evidence

truth is a belief if it works

Question 50

power

Answer 50

the ability or capacity to do something or act in a particular way

the way that knowledge gives us power (I know how to manipulate the system\ to manipulate the truth)

the way those in power use it to control knowledge (princas ateina islaisvint mato, nes jis turi arkli ir karuna, more power than any other judge)

power reproduces knowledge (gettier)

Question 51

justification

Answer 51

is to declare right
persuasive explanation to make something morally right or justify it

bad justification
-
someone did a bad thing
if it’s self-serving
makes excuses

provides good reasons to explain a behavior
not self-serving

Question 52

certainty

Answer 52

knowledge that has been established beyond any reasonable doubt

Question 53

objectivity

Answer 53

the ability to observe, to interpret, to analyse, and to report such that we have not shaped our proccesses or our findings by our personal wishes. not being influenced by personal feelings or opinions but considering only facts

Question 54

perspective

Answer 54

the particular viewpoint from which the individual takes in the information and decides what is important or what something means.