Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

microscoop en de olifant > Toets > Flashcards

Toets Flashcards

1
Q

Two school of philosophy

A

Continental philosophy (Duits en Frans)
- Heidegger
Anglosaxon philosophy (Amerikaans Engels)
- Kant en Peter Singer (veel begrijpelijker)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Historische benadering (‘filosofologie’)

A
  • Griekse & Romeinse filosofie
  • Medieval Philosophy
  • Premodern
  • Modern
  • Contemporary
  • World philosophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Systematische filosofie

A
  • Metaphysics/ontology
  • Epistemologie => Hoe we dingen kunnen weten
  • Logic & argumentation theory
  • Ethiek => Wat is goed en fout?
  • Political philosophy
  • Esthetica => schoonheid
  • Philosophy of mind
  • Philosophical anthropology
  • Philosophy of science
  • Political philosophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Twee soorten filosofie

A

Backward looking
- Nieuw werk over oud werk
Forward looking!
- Filosofie toepassen op nieuwe vragen ter probleemoplossing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Autoritair

A

 Stramien/ format

 ‘indoctrine’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Authoriatief

A

 Ontplooiing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anti autoritair

A

 Vrijheid

 Anarchisme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Definitie wetenschap:

A

Beste kennismethode die wij als mensheid hebben om de werkelijkheid te kennen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

17e eeuw -> Wetenschappelijke revolutie Europa

A

Ontwikkeling methode: toetsen aan de empirie

Mathematisering: Taal van de wiskunde gebruiken om verschijnselen te beschrijven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Methode  body of knowledge  kennis neemt exponentieel toe, maar verwijdering is mogelijk
en daarmee dus terugreflectie naar de methode

A

Zelfcorrigerend mechanisme

Collectief (elkaar onderuit halen om verder te komen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Deductie

A

vanuit algemeen principe wordt iets concreets afgeleid

wiskunde, logica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

100 % zekere kennis = axio(grond)matisch deductief systeem

  • Aristotales:
  • Rene Descartes:
  • B. Russel:
A

Uitvoering Aristoteles met syllogismen (premisse 1 en 2 geven een conclusie die waar is)
(bijv.: Alle mensen zijn sterfelijk, Socrates is een mens => Dus Socrates is sterfelijk)

Rene Descartes => methodische twijfel aan zintuigen
 Je kan niet twijfelen, omdat je twijfelt (Cogito ergo sum => Ik denk dus ben ik)
Alles wat vanuit zintuigen helder is (Clare et distincte) is waar, want God is goed en doet goed
zijn werk en dus heeft de mens goede zintuigen => Maar zijn deze axioma wel juist? (gelovig)

B. Russel => samenvoegen wiskunde en logica met één systeem van axioma
Boek: Principe Mathematica laat zien dat dit niet mogelijk is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Inductie

A

concreet naar algemene redenering  FRANCIS BACON

Als iets meerdere keren plaatsvindt, dan gebeurt het altijd.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

analogieën over het probleem van Inductie:
B. Russel:
Karl Popper:

A

B. Russel: verhaal van de kip die gevoerd wordt en vervolgens nek omgedraaid
Karl Popper: Zoeken naar de zwarte zwaan als manier op witte zwaan theorie te ontkrachten/ verifiëren

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Uniformity of nature

A

Inductie gaat er vanuit dat de natuurwetten en dus de aarde hetzelfde blijven, maar dit is een
axioma gebaseerd op de waarneming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Abductie/ IBE

A

inference to the best explanation
- Ch. Pierce
Het verleden kan niet altijd gereconstrueerd worden
Op basis van de best beschikbare informatie worden ideeën gevormd en aangepast.
De waarschijnlijkheidsgraad is hierdoor lager dan bovenstaande wetenschappen
Zo rationeel mogelijk toepassen van middelen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Demarcatie criteria

A
  1. Falsificeerbaarheid/ weerlegbaarheid theorie? (Popper)
  2. Bewijslast (burden of proof)
  3. Anekdotisch bewijs => kan wetenschappelijk worden weerlegd of onderbouwd
    (placebo effect)
  4. Consistent met andere wetenschappen
  5. Empirisch (logisch en herhaalbaar) positief bewijs
  6. Intersubjectief
    Niet op esoterische kennis beroepen  iedereen moet het kunnen ervaren of kunnen
    waarnemen. En hetgeen moet begrijpelijk zijn voor iedereen = helder taalgebruik
  7. Scheermes van Ockham => Iets verklaren met zo min mogelijk begrippen
  8. Een theorie moet voorspelbaar zijn
  9. Vreemd is niet gelijk aan paranormaal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Thomas Kuhn

A

(wetenschapshistoricus - Paradigma’s)

  • Heeft kritiek op Popper
  • Popper zegt dat wetenschap cumulatief is, Kuhn stelt dat dat zo is tot er een paradigma shift plaatst vind
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Paradigma

A

Normal science (algemene acceptatie theorie  dan binnen theorie puzzle solving)
Echter op een gegeven moment past iets niet in een theorie = Anomalie
 Ad hoc hypothese om theorie te redden
Echter als anomalieën toenemen dan wordt theorie verworpen of aangepast
Komst van nieuw paradigma met komst heliocentrisch wereldbeeld (Copernicus (&en Kepler)

Paradigmashift => scientific revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Paul Feyerabend

A

Wetenschappelijk anarchist
- anything goes
- Er zijn heel veel manieren om de wereld te leren kennen/ verklaren naast wetenschap.
Maar je moet wel binnen paradigma blijven. Men kan niet beoordelen welk paradigma beter is. Het is niet
mogelijk een betere methode toe te passen. Er is geen objectieve maatstaf.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Latour

A

Franse postmodernistische filosoof (antropoloog)
- Waar wetenschappers over praten zijn constructies, geen feiten. Ze maken wetenschappelijke
werkelijkheid die niet de echte werkelijkheid is. Wetenschap bestaat ook uit sociale machtsstructuren etc..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lakatos

A
  • Probeert popper te verdegigen
  • Wetenschappers zijn individuen die liever geen kritiek willen op hun theorie.
    Dus daarom niet wetenschap als iets individueels zien, maar als geheel.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Calculating the best consequences of an action. The value of the consequences of an action is determined solely by the wellfare of individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Virtue Ethics

A

Virtues are fundamental. Ethics is about good character.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Egoism

A

Me, me, me: one ough to always act in his own best interests. An action is right if, and only if it benefits the agent. That which is valuable and desirable is that which benefits oneself.

B Russel => enlightened egoism, sharing wealth so that society gets better.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Kantianism / Deontology

A

To act in the morally right way, people should act from duty (deon) and adhere to rules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Categorical Imperative

A

Kant:

act only according to that maxim by which you can also will that it would become a universal law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Rights Theory

A

Rights protect individuals from harm done by others.

Rights can be granted by God (1), part of the fabric of the universe (2) or the result of collective deliberation (3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Liberalism

A

Maximizing individual liberty without harming others. The role of the state is primarily to protect individual liberty. (John Stuart Mill)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Social Contract Theory

A

Social deliberation on moral rules by rational human agents: Morals by agreements for mutual benefits.
(Thomas Hobbes) 1e
(J Habernass) na oorlog
(John Rowls: A theory of justice) 1975

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Green Liberalism

A

Do as you please, but without harming others - include non-human animals, the environment and future generations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Capabilities Approach

A

Stimulating and facilitating capabilities which lead to human flourishing and well-being (eg. education)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

question driving the expansion of the moral circle should be ‘Can they suffer?’. ‘Greatest happiness principle for the greatest number’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Expanding Moral Circle

A
  • Anthropocentrism
  • Sentientism
  • Biocentrism
  • Ecocentrism
  • Gaia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Anthropocentrism

A

Human only (Passmore)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sentientism

A

All who can suffer (Singer)

37
Q

Biocentrism

A

Everything alive (Taylor)

38
Q

Ecocentrism

A

Ecosystems matter (Naess)

39
Q

Gaia

A

Earth as an organism (Lovelock)

40
Q

Attitudes towards Nature

A
  • Despotism
  • Enlightened Despotism
  • Stewardship
  • Partner
  • Participant
  • Unio mystica
41
Q

Despotism

A

Denial of environmental problems

42
Q

Enlightened Despotism

A

Believing that technology will fix all problems.

43
Q

Stewardship

A

Religious: Caretaking of the earth for God
Secular: Caretaking of the earth for future generations
Beyond Anthropocentrism: Believing in intrinsic value of nature

44
Q

Partner

A

Being an equal partner with nature, conserving nature

45
Q

Participant

A

Having the lowest possible impact on the Planet. Treading softly on the Earth: preserving Nature.

46
Q

Unio mystica

A

Selfless harmony with nature

47
Q

examples of how we hurt future generations

A 
Pollution
Desertification
Biodiversity Loss
Depletion of resources
Overfishing
Overpopulation
Climate Change
Ocean acidification
Deforestation
48
Q

Three pilars of Science

A

Naturalism
Empirism
Theory

49
Q

working definition of science

A

systematic collective endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe

50
Q

Naturalism

A

View of the world that takes account only of natural elements and forces.

51
Q

Empirism

A

Hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world rather than solely on a priori reasoning, intuition or revelation.

52
Q

Theory

A

Putting data coherently together in a model.

53
Q

Problems in Philosophy of Science

A 
Reductionism
Causation
Induction
Methodology
Ethics of Science
Realism - anti Realism
Justification vs Discovery
Truth relativism
Scientific revolutions & Paradigm shifts
54
Q

Reductionism

A

Is there a theory of everything? Can psychology be reduced to physics?

55
Q

Causation

A

Is there a connection between cause and effect.

56
Q

Induction

A

What can justify our reliance on inductive inference? How can we be certain that the laws of nature will also apply in the future.

57
Q

Ethics of Science

A

Is there a moral limit to what science should and could do? Genetic modification, mining, bombing etc.

58
Q

Realism - Anti Realism

A

Do scientific constructs, like unobservables, like subatomic particles, really exist?

59
Q

Justification versus Discovery

A

Social scientists like Bloor and Latour and historians of Science like Kuhn reveal that what scientists actually do (context of discovery) does not comply with what philosophers of science like Popper say that science is (context of justification).

60
Q

Methodology

A

There is no general scientific method for aswell the soft sciences and the natural sciences

61
Q

Truth Relativism

A

There are no absolute truths, only truths relative to time, place, and culture.

62
Q

Scientific revolutions & Paradigm shifts

A

Scientists work within and against the background of an unquestioned theory or set of beliefs. A Paradigm shift is the change in this unquestioned believe. Kuhn says scientific revolutions are noncumulative and new and old paradigms can not exist next to eachother.

63
Q

Ad hominem

A

attacking the speaker instead of the arguments

64
Q

Ad populum

A

Implying something is true, because many people say so

65
Q

Ad antiquitam

A

Implying something is true because it is an old believe

66
Q

Ad baculum

A

Threatening with violence or sanctions to make a point

67
Q

Red herring

A

A clue which is intentionally or unintentionally misleading or distracting from the actual issue.

68
Q

Straw man

A

Misleading the opponents position. Creating an illusion of having refuted a proposition by replacing it with a different position (straw man) and refuting the latter.

69
Q

Falsum in uno, falsum in omnibus

A

When someone is found to be false in one thing, he or she is presumed to be wrong about everything.

70
Q

Petitio principii

A

a statement that refers to itself to prove that it is true.

71
Q

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

A

Believing that a temporary succession implies a causal relation

72
Q

Ad Hitlerum

A

Implying that something is wrong because someone who does it has an association with evil

73
Q

Non Sequitur

A

Incorrectly assumin that one thing follows from another.

74
Q

verschil wetenschap en ethiek

A

Sein & Sollen ( Is & Ought)

Wetenschap is descriptief en Ethiek is prescribtief en normatief.

75
Q

Alfred Eichmann

A

Brein achter de logistiek van de hollocaust. Befehl ist befehl’

76
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

Difference in lower and higher pleasure. (Liberalist and utilitarialist). No Harm principle.

77
Q

Peter Singer

A

Focus on pain (relief) rather than pleasure. (Consequentialist)

Animals should be included in moral circle

78
Q

Paternalism

A

Someone or a group of people in power who decides what is right and what wrong for the rest of the group.

79
Q

How can we know if non-human animals feel pain?

A

Behaviour - do they react to pain stimuli
Neurology - is the nervous system centralized
Evolution - is the capacity to feel suffer evolutionary advantageous to the animal?

80
Q

What is the difference between moral agents and moral patients?

A

Moral agents: those with a spot at ‘the table’ (previously only man)

Moral patients: those that take part in society but without a spot at ‘the table’.

81
Q

Martha Nussbaum & Amartya Sen

A

Capabilities approach => ‘Life’, ‘Body Health’, ‘Body Integrity’, Senses, imagination and thoughts’.
Fundament liberalism
Human Flourishing
‘Not everyone needs the same stimuli to flourish, the goal is to enable everyone to flourish’

82
Q

C Gilligan

A

Female perspective is lacking in Virtue Ethics in 1920.

Caretaking should become principle virtue.

83
Q

Moral blind spot

A

Dat is dat jij vanuit de toekomst terug kijkt op het verleden en dan ‘ondenkbare’ fouten/dingen ziet die ze op dat moment normaal vinden. Een goed voorbeeld is de slavernij. Men dacht in die tijd dat het normaal was.
Dus eigenlijk is het wat we op dit moment normaal vinden, maar later erkennen als abnormaal.
Misschien dat vlees eten dat dus is

84
Q

What is the difference between epistemological and moral relativism?

A

waarheidsrelativisme: iedereen heeft eigen waarheid

cultureel/moreel relativisme: mening van een ieder heeft een zelfde waarde. Er is geen universele cultuur dus er bestaan meerdere perspectieve en die kunnen beide waar zijn.

85
Q

What is the philosophical difference between Singer and Regan?

A

Peter Singer (book: animal liberation) is a sientist that believes in avoidance of suffering for all animals. But does not extend rights to them. Tom Regan (book: the case for animal rights) is a deontologist that believes animals have an intrinsic value because they are aware of their surroundings. This grants them rights and these rights should be protected.

86
Q

Karl Popper

A

Fled to New Zealand during WW2. wrote ‘ Open society and his enemies’ (1945). A society can adjust when things go wrong.
claims Plato, Hegel en Marx as enemies of his work

87
Q

John Rawls

A

A theory of justice (1945)

We must seek for optimalisation of ‘ worst of’ position. In favor of social ‘vangnetten’

88
Q

Habernass

A

Participation democracy.
Civilian should be actively involved in society.
Society should be open and criticism should be alowed.

89
Q

Habernass

A

Participation democracy.
Civilian should be actively involved in society.
Society should be open and criticism should be allowed.

microscoop en de olifant (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions