M&O Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What are Heteronomous ethics?
A
Something is good or bad, because someone else says so.
2
Q
What is Autonomous ethics?
A
What is Autonomous ethics?
3
Q
What is Utilitarianism?
A
The greatest happiness for the greatest number
4
Q
What are Virtue ethics?
A
Virtues are fundamental ethics. (Lying is bad)
5
Q
What is Kantianism/ Deontology?
A
Act in the morally right way, people must act from duty. (Stealing is bad, because it would be impossible to steal if everyone did it.)
6
Q
What is Egoism?
A
Me, Me, Me. (I eat meat because I like it.)
7
Q
What is the Right Theory?
A
Rights protect individuals form harm done by others. Rights can be considered:
- God given
- Part of the fabric of the universe
- The result of collective deliberation
8
Q
What are Ethics of Care?
A
Caring for those who are dependent and vulnerable.
9
Q
What is the Social Contract Theory?
A
Acting as moral agents. (How would you change society if you were a woman in Iran?)
10
Q
What is Liberalism?
A
Maximizing individual liberty without harming others.
11
Q
What is the Capabilities Approach?
A
Stimulating and facilitating capabilities (A lesbian Islamic woman should be able to develop herself)
12
Q
What is Green Liberalism?
A
Maximizing individual liberty without harming others (including non-human animals).
13
Q
How does pollution harm future generations?
A
Instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem
14
Q
How does Desertification harm future generations?
A
Desert areas around the world are expanding
15
Q
How does Depletion of resources harm future generations?
A
Humans are rapidly using up the Earth’s non-renewable resources
16
Q
How does Biodiversity Loss harm future generations?
A
A high rate of species loss
17
Q
How does Overfishing harm future generations?
A
Low biological growth in the oceans.
18
Q
How does Overpopulation harm future generations?
A
Exceeding the carrying capacity of the planet
19
Q
How does climate change harm future generations?
A
It has a strong negative impact on the carrying capacity of the planet
20
Q
How does Ocean acidification harm future generations?
A
It is a threat to the food chains connected with the oceans
21
Q
How does Deforestation harm future generations?
A
Leads to desertification, soil erosion and biodiversity loss
22
Q
According Jeremy Bentham, what was the driving question of the moral circle?
A
Can they suffer?
23
Q
How does the moral circle look?
A
Myself - My Friends & Family - Everyone in my country - All living humans - Future generations - Nonhuman animals
24
Q
How do we know how much an animal can suffer?
A
- Behaviour (how does the animal respond to pain?)
- Neurology (Is the nervous system centralized?)
- Evolution (Do any close relatives of the animal have this capacity?)
25
How does the scale of suffering look?
Humans Apes Dolphins Pigs Dogs Muse/Rat Chicken Fish Insects Qualls Microorganisms
26
What is Anthropocentrism in the moral circle?
Humans only
27
What is Sentientism in the moral circle?
All who can suffer
28
What is Biocentrism in the moral circle?
Everything alive
29
What is Ecocentrism in the moral circle?
Ecosystems matter
30
What is Gaia in the moral circle?
Earth as an organism
31
What is Despotisms attitude towards nature?
Short term egoistic self-interest. Denial of environmental problems
32
What is Enlightened Despotism attitude towards nature?
Believing that technology will fix all problems
33
What is Stewardship attitude towards nature?
- Religious (Caretaking of earth for god)
- Secular (Caretaking of our planet for future generations)
Beyond Anthropocentrism (Believing in intrinsic value of nature)
34
What is Partner attitude towards nature?
Being an equal partner with nature, conserving nature
35
What is Participant attitude towards nature?
Having the lowest possible harmful impact on the planet. Treading softly on the earth: preserving nature.
36
What is Unio Mystica attitude towards nature?
Selfless harmony with nature
37
What are the four ethical relations?
- Humans – God
- Humans – Humans
- Humans – Nonhuman animals
- Humans – Nature
38
How much can our planet handle?
People x Average Ecological Footprint < Carrying Capacity
39
What is the ‘equation of stupid’?
The Carrying capacity equation
40
What are we doing with our planet?
Ecosystem collapse
41
What are we trying to do with our planet?
Unsustainable
42
What do we need to do with our planet?
Sustainable
43
What should we do with our planet?
Making it better
44
What does your harm impact consist of?
Indirect and direct harm to others
45
What things increase our harm impact?
- Consumerism
- Animal products
- Economic growth
46
What thing decrease our harm impact?
- Veganism
- Voluntary simplicity
- Low carbon living
- Less children
- Earth ships
- Transition towns
47
Who has the highest harm impact?
Celebrity -> Westerner -> Eco-vegan minimalist
48
What is the Veil of Ignorance?
The control panel to change things
49
What says Aristotle about animals?
Animals exist for the use of humans
50
When was the animal rights movement started?
It was started in the 60s and 70s by the book, animal liberation, of Peter Singer
51
What are the three senses of Moral Rights?
- A dog has the right not to suffer
- Animal suffering counts as much as human suffering
- Utility trumping sense????
52
What is the moral status of animals?
An animal has moral importance in her own right. We should treat the animal well for the animal’s sake.
53
What is the Utilitarian view?
The right action is to maximize the utility
54
What are the three increasingly strong senses of animal rights?
- The moral status sense (animals do not exist solely for human use)
- The equal-consideration sense (equal moral weight to humans’ and animals’)
- The utility-trumping sense (animals have certain vital interests that must not override)
55
What are the two equal consideration theories?
- Utilitarianism (the balance of benefits over harms)
| - Strong animals-rights view (Animals, like humans, have rights in the utility-tramping sense)
56
What is an inegalitarian kind of person?
Someone who favours unequal consideration for animals
57
What is the contract theory?
Society based on agreements. Animals do not have moral status
58
What is the relationship approach?
The moral status is grounded in relationship. The closer you are, the stronger the relation.
59
What are the differences between human and animal rights?
- Human have certain positive rights
| - It is morally worse to kill a human
60
What is the Sliding-scale model?
- X-axes: phylogenetic scale, biologically complex animals higher at the top
- Y-ases: Hierarchy of moral status, higher moral status at the top
- This model put humans at the top, followed by apes, etc
61
What is the basic concept about mental status?
To have metal status or metal life, a being must have some awareness of consciousness
62
What does suffer difference from pain?
It can occur without each other
63
Why is painlessly killing of animals morally unproblematic?
Because animals only suffer from pain
64
What is the desire based view?
On this view, dead only harms people who want to stay alive
65
What is the opportunities approach?
Dead is an instrument to harm, because it takes away the opportunity to live.
66
Why is factory farming bad?
- Animals products contain lots of fat and protein, what are associated with diseases
- FF has 3M family farms in the US out of business
- It is devastating for the environment
- 21kg of food to produce 1kg of meat
- FF is cruel for the employees
- Virtually impossible to ensure safe meat
67
Why is eating fish morally more acceptable then eating meat?
Because fish are lower in the moral hierarchy
68
What are the two conditions to keep animals?
- The animals basic physical and psychological needs must be met
- The animals must be provided a life that is at least as good as she would likely have in the wild
69
Why should animals not be taken from the wild?
Capturing cause commonly pain, fear, anxiety, and suffering on animals
70
What is the strong animal-rights view?
- Animals can be used for research when it does not harm them
- Their involvements are in their overall best interests
- Only minimal risk to them
71
What is the enterprise of self-knowledge?
The ambition to find a system in the apparent jumble of principles and goals that we respect, or say we do.
72
Why is religion a threat to ethics?
Because there is a higher being that tells us how we ought to live our lives. We don’t have to think about ethics ourselves.
73
What is relativism?
There is not one truth, only the different truths of different communities
74
What is the law of customs?
The idea that everyone always prefers his/her group over any other
75
Why is relativism a treat to ethics?
Relativism rather accepts ones’ opinion than doubting it for being unethical
76
What are the two methods to find out what people really care about?
- Ask them
| - See what they do and try to do
77
What is hermeneutics?
The practice of interpretation, things may be far from what they seem.
78
What is the grand unifying theory?
A basket of motivation that in fact move people
79
Why is egoism a threat to ethics?
Egoist think more about themselves then about others wellness
80
What is reciprocal altruism?
It is a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time.
81
Why is the evolutionary theory at threat to ethics?
It is confusing to think that organisms act out of evolutionary perspective, while they are in fact acting out of selfish perspective.
82
What is determinism?
Since it is all in the genes, the enterprise of ethics becomes hopeless.
83
Why are unreasonable demands a threat to ethics?
For example, we cannot ask anyone not to lie at all, so from this perspective, ethics seem to much of a demand for people, which causes people to reject it.
84
Why is false consciousness a threat to ethics?
Because of some organisations or institutions with hidden selfish purposes, many people lose faith in ethics and therefore reject it as something driven by selfish purposes.
85
What is black and white view?
Or completely right or completely wrong
86
What are deontological notions?
Questions with all or nothing in it
87
What is slippery slope reasoning?
Make a line is hard. Above the line, it could be moral, under the line could be immoral
88
What are stoics?
We were not afraid of non-existence before we were born, why should we be afraid for non-existence after we die?
89
What is summum bonum?
The conception of the good life
90
What is Eudaimonia?
The name of the enviable, admiring life, thought by Socrates
91
What is the fool’s paradise?
Living in the world with lies, for example: Your children are failing school, but you think they are successful.
92
What is Elitism/Paternalism?
Some people should lead the society, because they know the interest better than people themselves.
93
What is meta-ethics?
The effort to work out the meaning of our normative language
94
What makes thinking about climate change very difficult?
- Global features
- Intergenerational aspects
- Reflecting on the problem of climate change is complicated by our theoretical ineptitude which, combined with spatial and temporally aspects leads to some kind of moral corruption
95
What are mitigation costs?
Costs associated with doing something about emissions
96
What are adaption costs?
Costs associated with coping with changes to our climate
97
What are the two claims of hope to stop climate change?
- Some future technology might somehow safe us
| - The technology we’ve got will save us from the worst of climate change
98
What is political philosophy?
Investigation into the nature, causes, and effects of good and bad government.
99
What are the three statements of Fresco?
- Good/Bad government affect quality of human life
- The form our government take in not predetermined: we have a choice to make
- We can know what distinguishes good government from bad (political knowledge)
100
What is Marxism?
The development of the society depends ultimately on:
- The way in which people produced material goods
- Technology they used
- Economic system they adopted
101
Why think about political philosophy?
Can bring us to a kind of truth about politics, different from the opinions that guide us from day to day. (Plato)
102
What is anargism?
Belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.
103
What are communitarian anarchists?
Cooperation in a large scale, people/groups work together.
104
What are market anarchists?
The doctrine that the legislative, adjudicative, and protective functions unjustly and inefficiently monopolised by the coercive State should be entirely turned over to the voluntary, consensual forces of market society.
105
What is Aristocracy?
The rule of the best, but in practice this were the well-born, propertied or educated class.
106
What is a Democracy?
- No person was naturally superior to another
| - The interest of the people were best safeguarded by making them the final repository of political authority
107
What is pluralism?
The recognition and affirmation of diversity within a political body, which permits the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions and lifestyles.
108
What is bad about pluralism?
Not every group can be heard equally.
109
What is freedom?
The number of options open for a person.
110
According to John Rawls, what are the 3 conditions to fulfil a just society?
- Equal liberty (everyone should have a set of basic liberties)
- Equality of opportunity
- The difference principle (inequalities of income and wealth are justified)
111
What is the cultural minority?
The group whose religious or ethnic identity is different from that of the majority in their society.
