Toefl Flashcards
1
Q
Spoken Words (Speaking)
A
Written Words(Academic /Tech/Paper)
2
Q
Very important
A
Crucial, significant, vital, essential, critical
3
Q
Want to
A
Intend to, plan to, aim to, am determined to
4
Q
The most important
A
The major, principal, integral
5
Q
Necessary
A
Essential, indispensable
6
Q
Almost, about
A
Nearly, somewhat, approximately
7
Q
meet
A
convene
8
Q
live
A
reside
9
Q
Use
A
Utilize, apply, employ, implement, deploy
10
Q
The opposite
A
The converse
11
Q
Cause
A
Trigger, generate, produce, lead to
12
Q
Emphasize
A
Underscore, highlight
13
Q
A lot of
A
A great deal of, a great number of, numerous, many, several, a number of, excessive amount, a considerable (significant) number of, plenty of
14
Q
Good
A
Appropriate, proper, suitable, applicable
15
Q
Results are good
A
Satisfactory, reasonable, acceptable, rational, logical
16
Q
To get better
A
To improve, develop, enhance
17
Q
To get worse
A
To deteriorate
18
Q
Result
A
Outcome, findings,
19
Q
Useful
A
Beneficial
20
Q
Advantage
A
Benefit, upside, merit Pros and cons of the issue
21
Q
Disadvantage
A
Drawback, downside, demerit
22
Q
Possible
A
Feasible
23
Q
Idea
A
Concept, notion
24
Q
Large
A
Considerable, substantial, significant
25
Common
Widespread, universal, global
26
Reduce
Diminish,
27
Delay
Postpone, procrastinate
28
Expensive
costly
29
Cheap
Cost effective / economical/affordable
30
Whole
(the)Entire
31
Plentiful
Abundant
32
Limit
Restriction, constraint
33
New (method/ ideas)
Novel, innovative
34
A lot of money
fortune
35
Rich (people/ country)
Affluent, prosperous
36
Specially
Particularly, specifically
37
Solution
Resolution
38
Do research
Carry out research, perform several studies/ conduct/direct
39
Try
Attempt/ make an effort/ exert my best efforts to
40
Clearly
Obviously, Evidently
41
Get rid of sth
Eliminate, omit
42
Make sth clear
Clarify, illuminate
43
Problem
Challenge, issue
44
Get
Acquire, attain, obtain, gain (collocation)
45
Make, build Make (have to)
Construct, produce, generate, manufacture,assmble Force / enforce/ impose
46
Goods
Commodities, products
47
Also, and, and also….too
In addition, Furthermore, Moreover, ……….as well (at the end of sentence) …………further……………
48
So
Therefore, Hence, Thus, As a result, Consequently
49
Because
Due to the fact that, for the reason which, Since
50
But
However, On the other hand, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, On the contrary, Ironically, Conversely
51
Before/ /already
Preceding, prior to, previously/formerly
52
After, after that, then
Proceeding, Follows, Following, Afterward, Next, Subsequently ,
53
Some
A few, More than a few, Several A number of, many, various, a little/certain/large amount of (quantity of),
54
little
Minimum, minimal, negligible, trifling, slight, hardly any, barely any
55
big
Large (enlarge)
56
X is better than Y
X is superior as compared to Y
57
worse
Inferior
58
Way
Method, Approach, Technique, Manner, Scheme, Style, Framework, Fashion, Means
59
Actually
In fact, As a matter of fact
60
Accordingly//according to
Therefore, Hence, Thus, As a result, Consequently, Based on
61
Thing
Issue, Criteria, Factor, Reason, Problem, Point, Plan, Purpose, aspect, feature
62
Person
Individual, One
63
People, Mankind, Human being
General Public, Residents, Citizens, Civilians, Individuals, General Population, a selected group of individuals, the majority of general public, minority of
64
Exist
There is/are, In the presence of, (doesn’t exist = lack of or lack)
65
Like
Similar to, Such as
66
Place
Environment, Location, Condition, Atmosphere, District, Region, Location
67
May, maybe
Can, Should, is, are
68
Must, Have to
Ought to, Should, Need to, Required
69
Of course
Definitely, Certainly
70
Indeed
In fact
71
About
approximately
72
Almost
Nearly, Somewhat
73
Very, so
Highly
74
Want
Intend to, Plan to, Aim to, Prefer to, I am determined to
75
Say
Claim, State, Mention, Suggest, acknowledge, addressed
76
Previous(ly)
Former (ly)
77
first
primarily
78
Note: For studying
For + Verb + ing = Farsi (finglish ///// To + verb……To study
79
Say
Claim, State, Mention, Suggest, acknowledge
80
Hold your mind/occupy your mind//busy
preoccupied
81
With noticing
By considering
82
With regard to
With respect to
83
always
Constantly, continuously
84
Give
Provide//grant/yield
85
Enough
Sufficient//adequate//ample
86
about
Regarding//considering//related to//concerning
87
Spoken Words (Speaking)
Written Words(Academic /Tech/Paper)
88
Very important
Crucial, significant, vital, essential, critical
89
Want to
Intend to, plan to, aim to, am determined to
90
The most important
The major, principal, integral
91
Necessary
Essential, indispensable
92
Almost, about
Nearly, somewhat, approximately
93
meet
convene
94
live
reside
95
Use
Utilize, apply, employ, implement, deploy
96
The opposite
The converse
97
Cause
Trigger, generate, produce, lead to
98
Emphasize
Underscore, highlight
99
A lot of
A great deal of, a great number of, numerous, many, several, a number of, excessive amount, a considerable (significant) number of, plenty of
100
Good
Appropriate, proper, suitable, applicable
101
Results are good
Satisfactory, reasonable, acceptable, rational, logical
102
To get better
To improve, develop, enhance
103
To get worse
To deteriorate
104
Result
Outcome, findings,
105
Useful
Beneficial
106
Advantage
Benefit, upside, merit Pros and cons of the issue
107
Disadvantage
Drawback, downside, demerit
108
Possible
Feasible
109
Idea
Concept, notion
110
Large
Considerable, substantial, significant
111
Common
Widespread, universal, global
112
Reduce
Diminish,
113
Delay
Postpone, procrastinate
114
Expensive
costly
115
Cheap
Cost effective / economical/affordable
116
Whole
(the)Entire
117
Plentiful
Abundant
118
Limit
Restriction, constraint
119
New (method/ ideas)
Novel, innovative
120
A lot of money
fortune
121
Rich (people/ country)
Affluent, prosperous
122
Specially
Particularly, specifically
123
Solution
Resolution
124
Do research
Carry out research, perform several studies/ conduct/direct
125
Try
Attempt/ make an effort/ exert my best efforts to
126
Clearly
Obviously, Evidently
127
Get rid of sth
Eliminate, omit
128
Make sth clear
Clarify, illuminate
129
Problem
Challenge, issue
130
Get
Acquire, attain, obtain, gain (collocation)
131
Make, build Make (have to)
Construct, produce, generate, manufacture,assmble Force / enforce/ impose
132
Goods
Commodities, products
133
Also, and, and also….too
In addition, Furthermore, Moreover, ……….as well (at the end of sentence) …………further……………
134
So
Therefore, Hence, Thus, As a result, Consequently
135
Because
Due to the fact that, for the reason which, Since
136
But
However, On the other hand, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, On the contrary, Ironically, Conversely
137
Before/ /already
Preceding, prior to, previously/formerly
138
After, after that, then
Proceeding, Follows, Following, Afterward, Next, Subsequently ,
139
Some
A few, More than a few, Several A number of, many, various, a little/certain/large amount of (quantity of),
140
little
Minimum, minimal, negligible, trifling, slight, hardly any, barely any
141
big
Large (enlarge)
142
X is better than Y
X is superior as compared to Y
143
worse
Inferior
144
Way
Method, Approach, Technique, Manner, Scheme, Style, Framework, Fashion, Means
145
Actually
In fact, As a matter of fact
146
Accordingly//according to
Therefore, Hence, Thus, As a result, Consequently, Based on
147
Thing
Issue, Criteria, Factor, Reason, Problem, Point, Plan, Purpose, aspect, feature
148
Person
Individual, One
149
People, Mankind, Human being
General Public, Residents, Citizens, Civilians, Individuals, General Population, a selected group of individuals, the majority of general public, minority of
150
Exist
There is/are, In the presence of, (doesn’t exist = lack of or lack)
151
Like
Similar to, Such as
152
Place
Environment, Location, Condition, Atmosphere, District, Region, Location
153
May, maybe
Can, Should, is, are
154
Must, Have to
Ought to, Should, Need to, Required
155
Of course
Definitely, Certainly
156
Indeed
In fact
157
About
approximately
158
Almost
Nearly, Somewhat
159
Very, so
Highly
160
Want
Intend to, Plan to, Aim to, Prefer to, I am determined to
161
Say
Claim, State, Mention, Suggest, acknowledge, addressed
162
Previous(ly)
Former (ly)
163
first
primarily
164
Note: For studying
For + Verb + ing = Farsi (finglish ///// To + verb……To study
165
Say
Claim, State, Mention, Suggest, acknowledge
166
Hold your mind/occupy your mind//busy
preoccupied
167
With noticing
By considering
168
With regard to
With respect to
169
always
Constantly, continuously
170
Give
Provide//grant/yield
171
Enough
Sufficient//adequate//ample
172
about
Regarding//considering//related to//concerning
173
recreation
با اینکه ترکیب again و create هستش معنی دیگری هم داره تفریحی و سرگرمی
174
Abstract مثال abstract art
هنر انتزاعی//انتزاعی ، چکیده،
175
oriental countries
oriental شرقی با oriented اشتباه گرفته نشود مثال
176
foothill
کوهپایه
177
table land, plateau
فلات، زمین مسطح
178
abandon
v. To leave; to give up
To save their lives, the sailors had to abandon the sinking ship. Parts of speech abandonment n
179
adversely adv.
In a harmful way; negatively Excessive rainfall early in the spring can adversely affect the plant- ing of crops. Usage tips Adversely is often followed by affect. Parts of speech adversity n, adverse adj
180
aggregate adj.
Gathered into or amounting to a whole
It is impossible to judge last year’s performance without knowing the aggregate sales numbers.
Usage tips Aggregate is often followed by a term like sum, total, or numbers. Parts of speech aggregate v, aggregate n
181
cultivation n.
Preparing the land to grow crops; improvement for agricultural purposes With the development of land cultivation, hunters and gatherers were able to settle in one place. Parts of speech cultivate v
182
fertilize v.
To supply with nourishment for plants by adding helpful substances to the soil
This farm fertilizes tomatoes more than any other crop. Parts of speech fertilizer n, fertilization n
183
intensify v.
To increase in power; to act with increased strength Jacob’s long absence intensified his certainty that he should marry Rose. Parts of speech intensification n, intense adj
184
irrigation n.
The supplying of water to dry land In dry areas of the country, you can see ditches all over the farm- land for irrigation. Parts of speech irrigate v
185
obtain v.
To gain possession of; to get After a series of difficult interviews, he finally was able to obtain the job.
186
photosynthesis n.
The process by which green plants make their own food by combining water, salts, and carbon dioxide in the pres- ence of light. Oxygen is a by-product of the process of photosynthesis. Parts of speech photosynthesize v
187
precipitation n.
Water that falls to the Earth’s surface In the Pacific Northwest, the high level of precipitation ensures rich, green plant life.
188
anticipate v.
To expect; to sense something before it happens By placing sensors in earthquake-prone areas, scientists can antici- pate some tremors in time to warn the public. Parts of speech anticipation n, anticipatory adj
189
catastrophic adj.
Extremely harmful; causing financial or physical ruin
The architect died in a catastrophic elevator accident. Parts of speech catastrophe n, catastrophically adv
190
collide v.
To come together with great or violent force As usual, their holiday was ruined when their in-laws’ views on poli- tics collided with their own. Parts of speech collision n
191
eruption n.
4. A sudden, often violent, outburst
The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 caused 57 deaths and
immeasurable change to the face of the mountain. Usage tips Eruption is often followed by an of phrase. Parts of speech erupt v
192
4. famine
4. Severe hunger; a drastic food shortage
The potato famine in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century caused
large numbers of Irish people to emigrate to America.
193
4. flood n.
4. An overflowing of water; an excessive amount
The constant rain and poor drainage system caused a flood in town.
The political party sent out a flood of letters criticizing their opponents.
Parts of speech flood v
194
impact n.
A strong influence The speech about the importance of education made an impact on me. Usage tips Impact is usually followed by on or of. Parts of speech impact v
195
8. persevere v.
8. To keep going, despite obstacles or discouragement; to maintain a purpose
The hikers persevered despite the bad weather and the icy trail. Parts of speech persist v, persistent adj
196
8. plunge v.
8. To go down suddenly; to decrease by a great amount in a short time
He jumped off the diving board and plunged into the pool.
The value of the company’s stock plunged after its chief executive was arrested. Usage tips Plunge is often followed by an into phrase. Parts of speech plunge n
197
unleash v.
To release a thing or an emotion
When they saw the strange man on their property, they unleashed their dogs.
He is from such an unemotional family, he will never learn to un- leash his feelings.
198
adapt v.
To adjust to the circumstances; to make suitable Dinosaurs could not adapt to the warmer temperatures.
The teacher adapted the exercises for his more advanced students. Usage tips Adapt is often followed by to.
Parts of speech adaptation n, adapter n, adaptable adj
199
diverse n.
Various; showing a lot of differences within a group
India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. Usage tips An -ly adverb (e.g., linguistically) often comes before diverse. Parts of speech diversify v, diversity n, diversification n
200
evolve v.
To develop; to come forth Modern-day sharks evolved from their ancestor Eryops, which lived more than 200 million years ago. Usage tips Evolve is often followed by into or from. Parts of speech evolution n, evolutionist n
201
feature n.
4. Part, characteristic
The best feature of this car is its heated seats.
Usage tips Feature is often followed by of. Parts of speech feature v
202
generation n.
4. A group of people born at about the same time
As older managers retired, a new generation of leaders took control
of the company.
Usage tips Before generation, an adjective like new, next, earlier, or
older is common. Generation is often followed by of. Parts of speech generational adj
203
inherent adj.
Naturally characteristic; always found within something, because it’s a basic part of that thing No job can be interesting all the time. Boredom is inherent in any kind of work. Usage tips Inherent is often followed by in. Parts of speech inherently adv
204
migration n.
Movement from one place to another by a group of peo- ple or animals The migration of farm workers from one state to the next depends primarily on the harvest. Usage tips Migration is often followed by to or from. Parts of speech migrate v, migrant n, migratory adj
205
physical adj.
Related to the body; related to materials that can be seen or felt Because of the shape of its throat, an ape does not have the physical ability to speak. The mountains form a physical barrier between the west and the east. Usage tips Physical usually comes before the noun it describes. Parts of speech physically adv
206
process n.
A series of steps leading to a result
To get a good job, most people go through a long process of letter- writing and interviews. Usage tips Process is often followed by of plus the -ing form of a verb. Parts of speech proceed v, process v
207
survive v.
To continue living (despite some danger or illness) After getting lost in the mountains, Gordon survived by eating wild plants and catching fish. Usage tips Survive is often followed by a phrase with by. Parts of speech survivor n, survival n
208
constraint n.
Something that restricts thought or action The constraints of military life kept Eileen from seeing Private Mor- ris more than once a month. Parts of speech constrain v
209
contamination n.
Being made less clean by a germ or hazardous sub- stance The contamination in the river came from the factory located just upstream. Parts of speech contaminate v, contaminant n
210
deplete v.
To greatly decrease the supply of a resource or material The prolonged war depleted the country’s national treasury. Parts of speech depletion n
211
4. dispose of v.
4. To throw away; to get rid of; to kill
She disposed of her unwanted possessions before moving. The tyrant cruelly disposed of all his enemies.
Usage tips Dispose of should be learned as a unit. In this meaning, dispose does not occur without of.
Parts of speech disposal n, disposable adj
212
4. elementally adv.
4. In terms of elements; basically Elementally, coal and diamonds are the same.
Parts of speech element n, elemental adj
213
4. emission n.
4. Sending out from a small space into the general environ-
ment; a substance discharged into the air
The Environmental Protection Agency regulates the emission of pollutants into the air.
Usage tips Emission is usually followed by an of phrase. Parts of speech emit v
214
extinction n.
Complete disappearance; the end of existence Human beings have caused the extinction of many other species. Usage tips Extinction implies an absolute end; an extinct thing cannot be brought back into existence. Parts of speech extinct adj
215
8. reservoir n.
8. A place where a liquid is collected and stored
Cult members threatened to poison the town’s water reservoir.
Parts of speech reserve v
216
8. shrink v.
8. To become reduced in size, amount, or value
If you dry your clothing on the “high heat” setting, they may shrink. Parts of speech shrinkage n, shrinkable adj
217
stable adj.
Firm and dependable; showing little change He fell because the ladder wasn’t stable. Parts of speech stability n, stably adv
218
adjust v.
To change; to get accustomed to something Travelers are advised to adjust their watches before arriving in the new time zone. Parts of speech adjustment n, adjustable adj
219
arbitrary adj.
Chosen simply by whim or chance, not for any specific reason
The decision to build a school in Blackberry Township was arbitrary, without any thought to future housing patterns. Parts of speech arbitrate v, arbitrator n, arbitrarily adv
220
denominator n.
The number written below the line in a fraction In the fraction 1⁄2, the number 2 is the denominator. Usage tips The phrase lowest common denominator means “the most basic and unsophisticated things that most people share.” Parts of speech denominate v, denomination n, denominational adj
221
exponentially adv
4. At a very fast rate
In Turkey, the value of the lira has decreased exponentially in the
last several decades.
Usage tips Exponentially is taken from mathematics, where an exponent is a number indicating how many times something is multiplied by itself. For example, 43 contains the exponent “3,” indicating 4 × 4 × 4.
Parts of speech exponent n, exponential adj
222
4. infinitesimal adj.
4. Immeasurably small
The number of contaminants in the water was infinitesimal, so the water was safe to drink.
Parts of speech infinitesimally adv
223
4. maximize v.
4. To increase or make as great as possible
A coach helps each athlete maximize his or her potential.
Parts of speech maximum n, maximum adj
224
parallel adj
Being an equal distance apart everywhere
The street where I live runs parallel to the main road through town. Usage tips Parallel is often followed by to. Parts of speech parallel n, parallel adv
225
proportion n.
A part in relation to the whole
The average employee spends a large proportion of each workday answering e-mails.
Usage tips Proportion is often followed by of.
Parts of speech proportionate adj, proportionally adv
226
rate n.
The cost per unit of a good or service; the motion or change that happens in a certain time. Postal rates in Japan are among the highest in the world Some grasses grow at the rate of one inch per day. Parts of speech rate v, rating n
227
sequence v.
To organize or arrange in succession
Volunteers have been asked to sequence the files and organize the boxes.
Parts of speech sequence n, sequentially adv
228
accuracy n.
Precision; exactness The research department checks all our articles for accuracy of facts before we print them. Usage tips Accuracy is often followed by of. Parts of speech accurate adj, accurately adv
229
adjacent adj.
Next to
Even though the villages are adjacent to each other, their residents speak different languages.
Usage tips Adjacent is often followed by to. Parts of speech adjacency n
230
compress v.
To press together
To make the foundation stronger, they compressed the soil before pouring the concrete.
Parts of speech compression n, compressed adj
231
4. feasibly adv.
4. Practically; in a way that can work
Scientists can’t feasibly bring energy from deep ocean currents to
where it is needed—on land.
Parts of speech feasibility n, feasible adj
232
4. gut v.
4. To empty or hollow out
In order to remodel the house, we must first gut it and throw away
all the old fixtures.
Usage tips Gut also means “the stomach of an animal”; this verb makes an image, that the inside of a building is like the inside of an animal.
Parts of speech gut n, gutted adj
233
4. integrally adv.
4. In a whole or complete manner
Writing and spelling are taught integrally as part of the reading program.
Parts of speech integrate v, integrity n, integral n, integral adj
234
overlap v.
To lie over part of something; to have elements in common One of the two assistants will likely get fired, since most of their du- ties in the office overlap. Parts of speech overlap n
235
8. retain v
8. To keep or hold
The rain fell so heavily that the banks of the river could not retain all the water.
Parts of speech retainer n, retention n
236
8. seep v.
8. To pass slowly for a long time, as a liquid or gas might
As the containers rusted, the toxic waste seeped into the ground. Usage tips Seep is often followed by into or through.
237
structure n.
Something constructed, such as a building
Most companies have a social structure that can’t be understood by outsiders.
Parts of speech structure v, structural adj, structurally adv
