Toddler And Preschooler Nutrition Flashcards by Victoria Oake

On average toddlers gain 8oz a month and ____lb a year

4.4

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When an infant reaches toddler age (1yr) her weight is ______ from birth

Tripled

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Stature means

standing height

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The RDA for iron for children 4-8 is

10mg a day

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In general children ages 1-5 tend to consume more than enough of most nutrient in their diets except

Calcium and zinc

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What is a toddler

Kids between 1-3

Characterized by rapid increase in gross and fine motor skills

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Preschool age children

3-5
Characterized by increasing autonomy
Broad social circumstances 
Increasing language skulls 
Expanding ability to control behaviour

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During toddler and preschool years adequate nutrition is important for cognitive development and

Exploring development

Growth and development

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How many US kids live in poverty

20%

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How many US children have no health insurance

7.5 million

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How many children live in single parent families

34%

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From birth to a year what happens to an infants birthweight

Triples

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Toddlers gain ____ kg a year and ____ in length

2.7 kg

12cm

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Preschoolers gain ____ and ____cm per year

2kg

7cm per year

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What is recumbent length

Horizontal

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Things about CDC growth charts

Gender specific
Age specific - birth to 36, 2 - 20
Monitors: weight for age, length for age, head circumference for age, weight for length, BMI for age

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_______published growth standards for children from birth to 5 yrs

World Health organization

International growth standard regardless of ethnicity or SES

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When should weaning from bottle begin

9-10 month

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When should baby be completely weaned from bottle

12-14 months

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When will baby develop a refined pincer grip

12 months

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When will baby be able to use tongue to clean lips and develop rotary chewing

18-24

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Do preschoolers still need adult supervision when eating

Yes
They can use fork spoon and cup
Spills occur less frequent
Food should be cut into small pieces

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Different kids have different temperaments, easy, difficult, slow to warm up and intermediate low to high. What percent of kids are each

40% easy
15%slow to warm up
10%difficult
35 intermediate low to high

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Easy temperament

Adapts to regular schedules and accepts new foods

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Difficult temperament

Slow to adapt and may be negative to new foods

Slow to warm up

Slow adaptability | Negative toward new foods but can adjust

Restriction of palatable foods like sweet and salty(NRG dense) to kids will

Increase preference for foods

What is the role of caretaker in the feeding relationship

What children are to eat The environment which food is served When and where foods are offered

What are the child's responsibilities in the feeding relationship

How much they eat | Whether they eat a particular meal or a snack

Parents should focus on the long term goal of developing healthy eating habits rather than composition an quantity of food eaten or fears they will gain too much weight

Parents should attempt to control eating habits through contingencies "no desert until you finish broccoli"

Parents should not restrict junk too much

T may make these foods seem more desirable to child

Child should be forced to eat certain things that Re healthy

False

Children age 1-3 should have how much protein

1.1 kg/d or 13g a day or 5-20% | Lower because of kidney development

How much protein should a kid 4-8 consume

0.95 g/kg/day | 19 g a day

Most preschool age and toddler children have inadequate calcium zinc and iron levels, but everything else is ok. What are the RDAs for these minerals for kids 4-8

Iron - 10 Zinc - 5 Calcium - 1000 All mg/d

The American academy of pediatrics (AAP) recommends supplementing for the following groups of children

From deprived families | Anorexia, poor appetite, poor diet, FTT, only consume a few foods, vegetarians without dairy products

How many servings of vegetables for boys and girls 2-3 4-8 9-13

4 5 6

How many servings of grains for boys and girls 2-3 4-8 9-13

3 4 6

How many servings of milk and alternatives for boys and girls 2-3 4-8 9-13

2 2 3-4

How many servings of meat and alternatives for boys and girls 2-3 4-8 9-13

1 1 1-2

What should parents consult for optimal nutrition for their kids

CFG Kids should eat according to appetite and choose from 4 food groups Limit access to sweets Make appropriate foods available when it is needed

What serving of milk should preschoolers drink

2 cups | Their main dietary source of vit D

How many feedings should preschoolers have

Small regular frequent nutritious feedings | Small stomach high energy needs

How much physical activity should kids engage in each day

60 mins

What's a lacto ovo vegetarian

Person who eats vegetables, eggs, and dairy products but not meat If well planned this will meet nutrient needs of kids

What may vegan kids be low in and need supplements for

b12 , vD, Ca2+

For kids 2-5 are their NRG needs met?

Yes or exceeded

What do kids 2-5 have consistently low mean intakes of

Folic Acid Vit D Vit E

What percent of calories do kids 2-5 consume from fat

31% for boys | 32% for girls

The recommended sodium intake for preschool (2-5) kids is 2300mg What are they actually consuming

2283-2331 | Just a bit over

Vegan and macrobiotic diet children tend to have lower growth rates but remain within normal ranges

When child is a vegetarian what are some ways to improve diet

Several meals a day (3 meals and 2 snacks) Avoid excessive bulky food (bran) Include NRG dense food like cheese / avacado Include fat- omega 3 fatty acids Sources of vitamin B12, vitD, and Calcium should be included or supplemented

Estimated 23 mill preschool age kids attend child care in US. The downside is

Not all countries have nutrition standards for care

When should preschool children be offered food

Not less than 2hrs | No more than 3 hours

What is a food intolerance

Reactions does not involve the immune system (no antibody production) Caused by chemicals, enzyme deficient (lactose intolerance) digestive disorders

What is a good allergy

food hypersensitivity reactions - immune response Involves antibodies Caused by whole food proteins Or other large molecules entering the body- leading to immune response Eggs, peanuts, milk

What are 75% of food allergies caused by

Eggs , peanuts , milk | Sometimes food allergies are outgrown after childhood

% of children who have food allergies

2 -8

Other common allergies Other than eggs milk and pro

Soy shellfish walnuts wheat

Iron deficiency anemia is a prevalent problem with toddlers what can happen as a result

Days jn cognitive development Behavioural disturbances Diagnosed by hematocrit or hemoglobin concentration

How to prevent iron deficiency anemia in preschoolers/toddlers

Limit milk consumption to 24oz a day since milk is poor source of iron

How often should infants at risk be tested for iron deficiency

9-12 months Then 18 months Then annually ages 2-5

Intervention for iron deficiency

Iron supplements Counselling w parents Repeat screening

Prevalence of dental caries in children 3-5

1 in 3

Causes of dental carries in kids 3-5

Bedtime bottle w/ juice or milk Streptococcus mutants Feed off sticky carbohydrate food

What are the 4 food safety practises

Clean Separate (don't cross contaminate) Cook Chill

What does it mean for a kid 2-5 to be obese

The BMI for age is above 95% or at 95

When is BMI lowest

Ages 4-6

What is adiposity rebound

BMI | Normal increase in BMI that occurs after BMI declines (4-6) --> after

How many children 2-5 are obese

12.1%

Can calcium rich diets prevent obesity in kids

Yes

What are the acceptable fat intake ranges of kids 2-3

30-35

Acceptable fat intake for kid 4-18

25-35%

For kids at high risk of CVD limit saturated dat to ____ and cholesterol to

<200 mg

What are conditions associated with toddlers and preschoolers

FTT Diarrhea /Celiac Muscle coordination / cerebral palsy Pulmonary problems

What is FTT

Inadequate wt or hight decline | With more than 2 growth percentiles

What can FTT result from

Digestive problems Asthma or breathin proba Neurological conditions Pediatric AIDS

What is toddler diarrhea typically caused by

Sorbitol content of fruit juices

What does celiac disease result in | Caused by

Results in diarrhea Caused by sensitivity to protein gluten found in wheat / other grains It is an allergy

What is cerebral palsy

Group of disorders characterized by impaired muscle activity + coordination present at birth or developed during early childhood

How does cerebral palsy affect nutrition .

Reduced dietary intake from child easily becoming tired while eating

How can we help a child with cerebral palsy get adequate nutrition

Change meal pattern for small frequen meals to prevent tiredness Food recommended easy to chew and soft

Examples of pulmonary breathing problems brochopulmonary dysplasia and asthma : how can this affect toddler and preschool nutrition

Increase nutrient need Lower interest in eatin -> slow growth Small frequent meals that are NRG dense

Are preterm babies at risk for breathing problems

Yes