Infant Nutrition Flashcards
0
Q
How long are full term infants usually
A
47-54 cm
18.5 - 21.5 inches
1
Q
The most important factor in assessing newborn health is birthweight. for a full term infant (37-42 weeks) what do they weigh in lbs and grams
A
5.5 - 8.5 lbs
2500 - 3800 g
2
Q
Infants with normal birthweight are ____ likely to require intensive care and are usually healthy in the long run
A
Less
3
Q
Definition of infant mortality
A
Death that occurs within the first year of life
4
Q
What is the major cause of infant mortality ?
G’s
A
Low birthweight
<2500
5
Q
Other leading causes of infant mortality other than LBW
A
Congenital malformations
Preterm births
Sudden infant death syndrome
6
Q
How can we improve infant mortality rates
A
Improved access to specialized care for mothers and infants
7
Q
Factors associated with mortality
A
Low SES Poor access to health care / insurance Medical interventions Teen pregnancy Availability of abortion services Failure to prevent preterm + LBW births
8
Q
Standard newborn growth assessment terms
A
AGA
SGA
IUGR
LGA
9
Q
AGA
A
Appropriate for gestational age
10
Q
SGA / IUGR
A
Small for gestational age
Intrauterine growth retardation
Means newborn is less than 10% wt for age
11
Q
LGA
>90th% weight for age
A
Large for gestational age
12
Q
Newborns hear and move in response to
A
Familiar voice
13
Q
Newborns CNS is immature resulting in inconsistent cues for
A
Hunger and satiety
14
Q
Strong reflexes are present in newborns which are protective what are two
A
Suckle and root reflexes
15
Q
Reflex
A
Automatic responce triggered by specific stimulus
16
Q
Rooting reflex
A
Infant turns head toward cheek that is touched
17
Q
Suckle reflex
A
Causing tongue to move forward and backward
18
Q
Motor development
A
Control voluntary muscles
19
Q
Motor development progresses from
A
Top to bottom
Controlling head first and lower legs last
20
Q
Muscle development is from
A
Central to peripheral
21
Q
Muscle / motor development influences
A
Ability to feed self and the amount of energy expended
22
Q
At what age can most infants sit on high chair and grasp a dangling object
A
6 months
23
Q
At what age can Infant stand with help … With holding furniture ?
A
8 months
9 months
24
When can infant stand alone
14 month
25
When can infant walk alone
15 months
26
What are critical periods
A fixed time in which certain behaviours or developments emerge
Necessary for sequential behaviours or developments
If the critical period is missed there may be difficulty later on
27
What are factors that impact cognition
```
Sensorimotor development
Interactions with the environment
Adequate energy and protein
Stimulation of social and emotional growth
Genetics
Genetics
```
28
During which stages of life are reflexes becoming coordinated
And primary circular reactions (like thumb sucking)
0-1 month
| 1-4 month
29
When are secondary circular reaponces happening ( when infants explore the world of objects)
4-8 months
30
When is baby makig means end sequencing of schemes - onset of intentional behaviour
Like moving an obstacle to meet a toy
8-12 months
31
When is baby using tertiary circular reactions - allowing kids to experiment (shaking diff toys and comparing sounds)
12-18 months
32
When does baby begin pretending
18-24 months
33
New parents must learn
Infants cues for hunger and satiety
Personality of infant
How to respond to infant cues
34
The nutrition recommendations are from 4 different institutional groups which are
DRI
AAP- American academy of pediatrics
National academy of medicine
Academy of nutrition of dietetics
35
DRI, AAP, national academy of medicine and academy of nutrition and dietetics provide
NRG needs
Protein needs
Fats
Requirement of baby
36
What is the average amount of calories baby 0-6 should consume in a day
108/kg/day
| Range 80-120
37
What is the calorie intake for babies 6-12 months
98cal/kg/day
38
Factors that influence calories intake needs of baby
```
Weight : growth rate
Sleep / wake cycle
Temperature and climate
Physical activity
Metabolic response to food
Health status / recover from illness
```
39
Protein needs for infant 0-6 months
2.2 kg body weight a day
40
Protein needs for baby 6-12 months
1.6 per kg body weight per day
41
How much protein does a newborn need who weighs 4 kg?
4 x 2.2 = 8.8 g
42
6 month old weighing 8kg will need how much protein
12.8
43
How are protein needs of infants similar to NRG needs
Influenced by body composition
44
Are there specific fat intake requirements for infants ?
No but we can deduce that it is important because breast milk is high in fat
45
What percent is fat in breast milk
55%
46
What do infants need cholesterol for
Gonad and brain development
47
Breast milk contains medium and short chain fatty acids (in additional to long) which
Is easier to digest and utilize than long chain
48
Metabolic rate of infants is highest
Anytime after birth
49
What is the higher rate of metabolism in newborns attributed to
Rapid growth and high proportion of muscle
50
How could a diet low in carbohydrate affect NB
Protein catabolism which impacts growth
51
Fluoride recommendation for infant
0.1 - 0.5 mg/d depending on age
| Too much may cause tooth discolouration
52
Vitamin d supplement for infants ?
400IU a day
53
Iron for infants ? 7-12 months
11mg
54
Fiber recommendation for infants ?
None
55
Lead for infants ?
Toxic
| None
56
Sodium recommendation for infants
220-200 mg a day
57
Newborns grow faster than any point in life
| What does growth reflect
Nutrition adequacy
Health status
Economic and environmental adequacy
58
What assures accurate measures of infant weight and length
Calibrated scales
| Recumbent length
59
Warning signs of inadequate growth
Lack of weight / length gain
Plateau in weight / length / or head circumference after a month
Drop in weight without gaining it back in a few weeks
60
After when should breast feeding be initiated
Right after birth
61
What indicates adequacy of milk volume
Growth rate and health status of baby
62
How many calories per oz does infant formula provide
20calories
63
How many calories does preterm formula provide
22-24 cal fl oz
64
What percent of calories from protein is breast milk
7%
65
What percent of calories from carbs in breast milk
38%
66
What percent from fat in cow milk formula
48-50%
67
What percent in cow formula is carbs
41 -43 %
68
What % in cows milk is calories from protein.
9-12%
69
In a study of babies who drink cows milk what deficiency can occur
Iron deficiency anemia
70
Whole, reduced-fat or skim milk should or shouldn't not be used in infancy
Should not
71
What deficiency is linked to early introduction to cows milk
Iron deficiency
72
Anemia in infancy is linked to
GI blood loss
low absorption of calcium + phosphorous
Displacement of rich foods
73
The use of soy formula should r limited in it's use... It is not recommended for
Managing colic
74
What is a better choice than soy protein for children with an intolerance to lactose
Lactose free and
| Hydrolyzed formulas
75
When do reflexes fade in infants and infants begin begun purposefully signal wants and needs
4-6 weeks
76
Cues that infants are ready for food or not ready
Watchin food bein opened in anticipation of eating
Tight fists or reaching for spoon
Irritation if feeding too slow or stops
Playing with food or spoon
Slowing intake or turning away when full
Stop eating or spit food out when full
77
What can stimulate mouth muscle development in infants
Food offered from spoon
78
When is it acceptable to offer small portions of semi soft food once or twice a day to infants
6 months
79
When introducing to solid foods :
Infant should not be tired or too hungry
Use small spoon with shallow bowl
Allow infant to open mouth and extend tongue
Place spoon on front o tongue with gentle pressure
Avoid scraping spoon on infants gums
Pace feeding to allow infant to swallow
First meals may be 5-6 spoons over 10 mins
80
Position of infant during feeding is important because
Improper positioning may cause choking, discomfort and ear infections
81
How should Infants be positioned during feeding
Position bottle fed infants in upright position
Spoon feeding should be with infant seated with back and feet supported
Adults feeding should be directly in front making eye contact
82
When may you offer water and juice from a cup to infants
After 6 months
Wean to a up 12-24 months
First portion from cup should only be 1-2 oz
83
What may early weaning to a cup from bottle result in
Early weaning may result in plateau in weight (Due to reduced calories) and or constipation from low fluid intake
84
T or f changin from a bottle to a sip cup is the same as weaning to open cup
F
85
Open drinking cup skills encourages
Speech development
86
When can babies swallow puréed food
Very soft lumpy food ?
Mashed food ?
6 month
6-8 very soft lumpy
8-10 month - mashed
87
What should baby's first foods be
Iron fortified baby cereal
Fruits and vegetables
(6 Months)
9-12 months soft table foods
88
Foods that are choking hazards to infants
```
Hot dogs, popcorn, potato chips
Peanuts / chunky PB
Raisens , whole grapes
Stringy meats
Gum : gummy candy, hard candy jelly beans hard fruits or veggies
```
89
Breast milk is fine for fluid requirements in infants- up to 6 months what is one exception
Hot humid climates
90
Is dehydration a common problem jn infants
Yes
91
When will baby need fluoride
Breast fed infants after 6 months with no fluoridated water
92
Will baby need iron supplement ? When?
Iron after 4 months if breast fed
93
Under what circumstance will baby need a b12 supplement
Vegan moms
94
When will baby need a vitamin D supplement
If baby is exclusively breast fed
95
What is failure to thrive
Inadequate weight or height gain
| NRG deficit suspected
96
What will FTT intervention constitute
Complex
Involve team
Registered dietician
Social worker
97
Cues that infants are ready for food or not ready
Watchin food bein opened in anticipation of eating
Tight fists or reaching for spoon
Irritation if feeding too slow or stops
Playing with food or spoon
Slowing intake or turning away when full
Stop eating or spit food out when full
98
What can stimulate mouth muscle development in infants
Food offered from spoon
99
When is it acceptable to offer small portions of semi soft food once or twice a day to infants
6 months
100
When introducing to solid foods :
Infant should not be tired or too hungry
Use small spoon with shallow bowl
Allow infant to open mouth and extend tongue
Place spoon on front o tongue with gentle pressure
Avoid scraping spoon on infants gums
Pace feeding to allow infant to swallow
First meals may be 5-6 spoons over 10 mins
101
Position of infant during feeding is important because
Improper positioning may cause choking, discomfort and ear infections
102
How should Infants be positioned during feeding
Position bottle fed infants in upright position
Spoon feeding should be with infant seated with back and feet supported
Adults feeding should be directly in front making eye contact
103
When may you offer water and juice from a cup to infants
After 6 months
Wean to a up 12-24 months
First portion from cup should only be 1-2 oz
104
What may early weaning to a cup from bottle result in
Early weaning may result in plateau in weight (Due to reduced calories) and or constipation from low fluid intake
105
T or f changin from a bottle to a sip cup is the same as weaning to open cup
F
106
Open drinking cup skills encourages
Speech development
107
When can babies swallow puréed food
Very soft lumpy food ?
Mashed food ?
6 month
6-8 very soft lumpy
8-10 month - mashed
108
What should baby's first foods be
Iron fortified baby cereal
Fruits and vegetables
(6 Months)
9-12 months soft table foods
109
Foods that are choking hazards to infants
```
Hot dogs, popcorn, potato chips
Peanuts / chunky PB
Raisens , whole grapes
Stringy meats
Gum : gummy candy, hard candy jelly beans hard fruits or veggies
```
110
Breast milk is fine for fluid requirements in infants- up to 6 months what is one exception
Hot humid climates
111
Is dehydration a common problem jn infants
Yes
112
When will baby need fluoride
Breast fed infants after 6 months with no fluoridated water
113
Will baby need iron supplement ? When?
Iron after 4 months if breast fed
114
Under what circumstance will baby need a b12 supplement
Vegan moms
115
When will baby need a vitamin D supplement
If baby is exclusively breast fed
116
What is failure to thrive
Inadequate weight or height gain
| NRG deficit suspected
117
What will FTT intervention constitute
Complex
Involve team
Registered dietician
Social worker
118
What is colic
Sudden onset of irritability, fussiness or crying
Episodes may appear at the same time each day
Disappear 3rd or 4th month
Cause unknown but associated with GI upset
119
Iron deficiency anemia is less common in _____ than in
Infants than in toddlers
120
Iron stores in infant reflect iron stores of
Mom
121
In what kind of family is iron deficiency anemia most prevalent
Low income families
122
Breast fed infants may be given iron supplements and iron fortified cereals at
6 months
| Not LOW IRON formula
123
How many stools do infants typically have a day
2-6
124
Causes of diarrhea and constipation
Vital and bacterial infection
Food intolerance
Changes in fluid intake
125
Is it wise to change baby's diet durin diarrhea
No," feed usual diet
126
How to prevent baby bottle caries and ear infection
```
Linked to feeding practice
Limit use of bedtime bottle
Offer juice in a cup
Only give bottles with water at bedtime
Examine and clean emerging teeth
```
127
What % of kids under 4 have allergies
4-6%
128
What causes allergic reactions
Absorption of intact proteins
| Treatment may consist of formula with hydrolyzed proteins
129
Lactose Intolerance
Inability or digest lactose
Cramps nausea pain diarrhea and constipation
Uncommon and tend to be over estimated
130
Baby foods so not reflect ethnic diversity
Some cultural practices are harmless or helpful
131
Infants receiving wellllanned vegetarian diets grow normally
Breast fed vegan infants need
Vit D
b12
Possible iron and zinc
132
3 month old taking 30oz of formula a day, how much calories
600
