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Nutrition Through Lifecycle > Infant Nutrition > Flashcards

Infant Nutrition Flashcards

0
Q

How long are full term infants usually

A

47-54 cm

18.5 - 21.5 inches

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1
Q

The most important factor in assessing newborn health is birthweight. for a full term infant (37-42 weeks) what do they weigh in lbs and grams

A

5.5 - 8.5 lbs

2500 - 3800 g

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2
Q

Infants with normal birthweight are ____ likely to require intensive care and are usually healthy in the long run

A

Less

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3
Q

Definition of infant mortality

A

Death that occurs within the first year of life

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4
Q

What is the major cause of infant mortality ?

G’s

A

Low birthweight

<2500

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5
Q

Other leading causes of infant mortality other than LBW

A

Congenital malformations
Preterm births
Sudden infant death syndrome

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6
Q

How can we improve infant mortality rates

A

Improved access to specialized care for mothers and infants

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7
Q

Factors associated with mortality

A 
Low SES 
Poor access to health care / insurance 
Medical interventions 
Teen pregnancy 
Availability of abortion services 
Failure to prevent preterm + LBW births
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8
Q

Standard newborn growth assessment terms

A

AGA
SGA
IUGR
LGA

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9
Q

AGA

A

Appropriate for gestational age

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10
Q

SGA / IUGR

A

Small for gestational age
Intrauterine growth retardation
Means newborn is less than 10% wt for age

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11
Q

LGA

>90th% weight for age

A

Large for gestational age

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12
Q

Newborns hear and move in response to

A

Familiar voice

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13
Q

Newborns CNS is immature resulting in inconsistent cues for

A

Hunger and satiety

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14
Q

Strong reflexes are present in newborns which are protective what are two

A

Suckle and root reflexes

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15
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic responce triggered by specific stimulus

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16
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Infant turns head toward cheek that is touched

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17
Q

Suckle reflex

A

Causing tongue to move forward and backward

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18
Q

Motor development

A

Control voluntary muscles

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19
Q

Motor development progresses from

A

Top to bottom

Controlling head first and lower legs last

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20
Q

Muscle development is from

A

Central to peripheral

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21
Q

Muscle / motor development influences

A

Ability to feed self and the amount of energy expended

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22
Q

At what age can most infants sit on high chair and grasp a dangling object

A

6 months

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23
Q

At what age can Infant stand with help … With holding furniture ?

A

8 months

9 months

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24
Q

When can infant stand alone

A

14 month

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25
Q

When can infant walk alone

A

15 months

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26
Q

What are critical periods

A

A fixed time in which certain behaviours or developments emerge
Necessary for sequential behaviours or developments
If the critical period is missed there may be difficulty later on

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27
Q

What are factors that impact cognition

A 
Sensorimotor development 
Interactions with the environment 
Adequate energy and protein 
Stimulation of social and emotional growth 
Genetics 
Genetics
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28
Q

During which stages of life are reflexes becoming coordinated
And primary circular reactions (like thumb sucking)

A

0-1 month

1-4 month

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29
Q

When are secondary circular reaponces happening ( when infants explore the world of objects)

A

4-8 months

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30
Q

When is baby makig means end sequencing of schemes - onset of intentional behaviour
Like moving an obstacle to meet a toy

A

8-12 months

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31
Q

When is baby using tertiary circular reactions - allowing kids to experiment (shaking diff toys and comparing sounds)

A

12-18 months

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32
Q

When does baby begin pretending

A

18-24 months

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33
Q

New parents must learn

A

Infants cues for hunger and satiety
Personality of infant
How to respond to infant cues

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34
Q

The nutrition recommendations are from 4 different institutional groups which are

A

DRI
AAP- American academy of pediatrics
National academy of medicine
Academy of nutrition of dietetics

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35
Q

DRI, AAP, national academy of medicine and academy of nutrition and dietetics provide

A

NRG needs
Protein needs
Fats
Requirement of baby

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36
Q

What is the average amount of calories baby 0-6 should consume in a day

A

108/kg/day

Range 80-120

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37
Q

What is the calorie intake for babies 6-12 months

A

98cal/kg/day

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38
Q

Factors that influence calories intake needs of baby

A 
Weight : growth rate 
Sleep / wake cycle 
Temperature and climate 
Physical activity 
Metabolic response to food 
Health status / recover from illness
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39
Q

Protein needs for infant 0-6 months

A

2.2 kg body weight a day

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40
Q

Protein needs for baby 6-12 months

A

1.6 per kg body weight per day

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41
Q

How much protein does a newborn need who weighs 4 kg?

A

4 x 2.2 = 8.8 g

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42
Q

6 month old weighing 8kg will need how much protein

A

12.8

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43
Q

How are protein needs of infants similar to NRG needs

A

Influenced by body composition

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44
Q

Are there specific fat intake requirements for infants ?

A

No but we can deduce that it is important because breast milk is high in fat

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45
Q

What percent is fat in breast milk

A

55%

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46
Q

What do infants need cholesterol for

A

Gonad and brain development

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47
Q

Breast milk contains medium and short chain fatty acids (in additional to long) which

A

Is easier to digest and utilize than long chain

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48
Q

Metabolic rate of infants is highest

A

Anytime after birth

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49
Q

What is the higher rate of metabolism in newborns attributed to

A

Rapid growth and high proportion of muscle

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50
Q

How could a diet low in carbohydrate affect NB

A

Protein catabolism which impacts growth

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51
Q

Fluoride recommendation for infant

A

0.1 - 0.5 mg/d depending on age

Too much may cause tooth discolouration

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52
Q

Vitamin d supplement for infants ?

A

400IU a day

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53
Q

Iron for infants ? 7-12 months

A

11mg

54
Q

Fiber recommendation for infants ?

A

None

55
Q

Lead for infants ?

A

Toxic

None

56
Q

Sodium recommendation for infants

A

220-200 mg a day

57
Q

Newborns grow faster than any point in life

What does growth reflect

A

Nutrition adequacy
Health status
Economic and environmental adequacy

58
Q

What assures accurate measures of infant weight and length

A

Calibrated scales

Recumbent length

59
Q

Warning signs of inadequate growth

A

Lack of weight / length gain
Plateau in weight / length / or head circumference after a month
Drop in weight without gaining it back in a few weeks

60
Q

After when should breast feeding be initiated

A

Right after birth

61
Q

What indicates adequacy of milk volume

A

Growth rate and health status of baby

62
Q

How many calories per oz does infant formula provide

A

20calories

63
Q

How many calories does preterm formula provide

A

22-24 cal fl oz

64
Q

What percent of calories from protein is breast milk

A

7%

65
Q

What percent of calories from carbs in breast milk

A

38%

66
Q

What percent from fat in cow milk formula

A

48-50%

67
Q

What percent in cow formula is carbs

A

41 -43 %

68
Q

What % in cows milk is calories from protein.

A

9-12%

69
Q

In a study of babies who drink cows milk what deficiency can occur

A

Iron deficiency anemia

70
Q

Whole, reduced-fat or skim milk should or shouldn’t not be used in infancy

A

Should not

71
Q

What deficiency is linked to early introduction to cows milk

A

Iron deficiency

72
Q

Anemia in infancy is linked to

A

GI blood loss
low absorption of calcium + phosphorous
Displacement of rich foods

73
Q

The use of soy formula should r limited in it’s use… It is not recommended for

A

Managing colic

74
Q

What is a better choice than soy protein for children with an intolerance to lactose

A

Lactose free and

Hydrolyzed formulas

75
Q

When do reflexes fade in infants and infants begin begun purposefully signal wants and needs

A

4-6 weeks

76
Q

Cues that infants are ready for food or not ready

A

Watchin food bein opened in anticipation of eating
Tight fists or reaching for spoon
Irritation if feeding too slow or stops
Playing with food or spoon
Slowing intake or turning away when full
Stop eating or spit food out when full

77
Q

What can stimulate mouth muscle development in infants

A

Food offered from spoon

78
Q

When is it acceptable to offer small portions of semi soft food once or twice a day to infants

A

6 months

79
Q

When introducing to solid foods :

A

Infant should not be tired or too hungry
Use small spoon with shallow bowl
Allow infant to open mouth and extend tongue
Place spoon on front o tongue with gentle pressure
Avoid scraping spoon on infants gums
Pace feeding to allow infant to swallow
First meals may be 5-6 spoons over 10 mins

80
Q

Position of infant during feeding is important because

A

Improper positioning may cause choking, discomfort and ear infections

81
Q

How should Infants be positioned during feeding

A

Position bottle fed infants in upright position
Spoon feeding should be with infant seated with back and feet supported
Adults feeding should be directly in front making eye contact

82
Q

When may you offer water and juice from a cup to infants

A

After 6 months
Wean to a up 12-24 months
First portion from cup should only be 1-2 oz

83
Q

What may early weaning to a cup from bottle result in

A

Early weaning may result in plateau in weight (Due to reduced calories) and or constipation from low fluid intake

84
Q

T or f changin from a bottle to a sip cup is the same as weaning to open cup

A

F

85
Q

Open drinking cup skills encourages

A

Speech development

86
Q

When can babies swallow puréed food
Very soft lumpy food ?
Mashed food ?

A

6 month
6-8 very soft lumpy
8-10 month - mashed

87
Q

What should baby’s first foods be

A

Iron fortified baby cereal
Fruits and vegetables
(6 Months)
9-12 months soft table foods

88
Q

Foods that are choking hazards to infants

A 
Hot dogs, popcorn, potato chips 
Peanuts / chunky PB
Raisens , whole grapes 
Stringy meats 
Gum : gummy candy, hard candy jelly beans hard fruits or veggies
89
Q

Breast milk is fine for fluid requirements in infants- up to 6 months what is one exception

A

Hot humid climates

90
Q

Is dehydration a common problem jn infants

A

Yes

91
Q

When will baby need fluoride

A

Breast fed infants after 6 months with no fluoridated water

92
Q

Will baby need iron supplement ? When?

A

Iron after 4 months if breast fed

93
Q

Under what circumstance will baby need a b12 supplement

A

Vegan moms

94
Q

When will baby need a vitamin D supplement

A

If baby is exclusively breast fed

95
Q

What is failure to thrive

A

Inadequate weight or height gain

NRG deficit suspected

96
Q

What will FTT intervention constitute

A

Complex
Involve team
Registered dietician
Social worker

97
Q

Cues that infants are ready for food or not ready

A

Watchin food bein opened in anticipation of eating
Tight fists or reaching for spoon
Irritation if feeding too slow or stops
Playing with food or spoon
Slowing intake or turning away when full
Stop eating or spit food out when full

98
Q

What can stimulate mouth muscle development in infants

A

Food offered from spoon

99
Q

When is it acceptable to offer small portions of semi soft food once or twice a day to infants

A

6 months

100
Q

When introducing to solid foods :

A

Infant should not be tired or too hungry
Use small spoon with shallow bowl
Allow infant to open mouth and extend tongue
Place spoon on front o tongue with gentle pressure
Avoid scraping spoon on infants gums
Pace feeding to allow infant to swallow
First meals may be 5-6 spoons over 10 mins

101
Q

Position of infant during feeding is important because

A

Improper positioning may cause choking, discomfort and ear infections

102
Q

How should Infants be positioned during feeding

A

Position bottle fed infants in upright position
Spoon feeding should be with infant seated with back and feet supported
Adults feeding should be directly in front making eye contact

103
Q

When may you offer water and juice from a cup to infants

A

After 6 months
Wean to a up 12-24 months
First portion from cup should only be 1-2 oz

104
Q

What may early weaning to a cup from bottle result in

A

Early weaning may result in plateau in weight (Due to reduced calories) and or constipation from low fluid intake

105
Q

T or f changin from a bottle to a sip cup is the same as weaning to open cup

A

F

106
Q

Open drinking cup skills encourages

A

Speech development

107
Q

When can babies swallow puréed food
Very soft lumpy food ?
Mashed food ?

A

6 month
6-8 very soft lumpy
8-10 month - mashed

108
Q

What should baby’s first foods be

A

Iron fortified baby cereal
Fruits and vegetables
(6 Months)
9-12 months soft table foods

109
Q

Foods that are choking hazards to infants

A 
Hot dogs, popcorn, potato chips 
Peanuts / chunky PB
Raisens , whole grapes 
Stringy meats 
Gum : gummy candy, hard candy jelly beans hard fruits or veggies
110
Q

Breast milk is fine for fluid requirements in infants- up to 6 months what is one exception

A

Hot humid climates

111
Q

Is dehydration a common problem jn infants

A

Yes

112
Q

When will baby need fluoride

A

Breast fed infants after 6 months with no fluoridated water

113
Q

Will baby need iron supplement ? When?

A

Iron after 4 months if breast fed

114
Q

Under what circumstance will baby need a b12 supplement

A

Vegan moms

115
Q

When will baby need a vitamin D supplement

A

If baby is exclusively breast fed

116
Q

What is failure to thrive

A

Inadequate weight or height gain

NRG deficit suspected

117
Q

What will FTT intervention constitute

A

Complex
Involve team
Registered dietician
Social worker

118
Q

What is colic

A

Sudden onset of irritability, fussiness or crying
Episodes may appear at the same time each day
Disappear 3rd or 4th month
Cause unknown but associated with GI upset

119
Q

Iron deficiency anemia is less common in _____ than in

A

Infants than in toddlers

120
Q

Iron stores in infant reflect iron stores of

A

Mom

121
Q

In what kind of family is iron deficiency anemia most prevalent

A

Low income families

122
Q

Breast fed infants may be given iron supplements and iron fortified cereals at

A

6 months

Not LOW IRON formula

123
Q

How many stools do infants typically have a day

A

2-6

124
Q

Causes of diarrhea and constipation

A

Vital and bacterial infection
Food intolerance
Changes in fluid intake

125
Q

Is it wise to change baby’s diet durin diarrhea

A

No,” feed usual diet

126
Q

How to prevent baby bottle caries and ear infection

A 
Linked to feeding practice 
Limit use of bedtime bottle 
Offer juice in a cup 
Only give bottles with water at bedtime 
Examine and clean emerging teeth
127
Q

What % of kids under 4 have allergies

A

4-6%

128
Q

What causes allergic reactions

A

Absorption of intact proteins

Treatment may consist of formula with hydrolyzed proteins

129
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Inability or digest lactose
Cramps nausea pain diarrhea and constipation
Uncommon and tend to be over estimated

130
Q

Baby foods so not reflect ethnic diversity

A

Some cultural practices are harmless or helpful

131
Q

Infants receiving wellllanned vegetarian diets grow normally
Breast fed vegan infants need

A

Vit D
b12
Possible iron and zinc

132
Q

3 month old taking 30oz of formula a day, how much calories

A

600

Nutrition Through Lifecycle (3 decks)

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