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Forensic Law Final > TOC > Flashcards

TOC Flashcards

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1
Q

Type of crime where even the individual who was victimized is unaware of the crime

A

Undiscovered

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2
Q

Which of the following member of a family is most likely to be the victim of a violent crime

Grandfather
Mother
20 year old daughter
17 year old son

A

17 year old son

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3
Q

Which of the demographic characteristic is associated with a higher risk of victimization

A

Low socio-economic status

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4
Q

Refers to a situation in which an individual is subject to multiple varied victimizations

A

Polyvictimization

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5
Q

Most likely to result in a victim experiencing high levels of distress

Victimized on vacation
Injured during armed robbery
Injured during Assault
Victim of workplace violence

A

Injured during armed robbery

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6
Q

Includes situations where the criminal justice system processes cause emotional harm

A

Secondary victimization

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7
Q

Victimization appears to be a significant risk factor for future involvement in crime for

A

Women

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8
Q

Victimogensis refers to

A

Background of a victim making them prone to victimization

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9
Q

Term victimology was coined by who and is often considered the father of victimology

A

Benjamin Mendelsohn

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10
Q

According to lifestyle theory, what determine(s) victimization by influencing lifestyles

A

Demographic variables

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11
Q

According to routine activities theory, an individual who effectively discourages crime is a

A

Capable guardian

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12
Q

Concept of stigmatized neighborhoods to explain variations in risk of victimization

A

Deviant places

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13
Q

Main goal of Vision 21

A

To change the way victims of crimes are treated in the U.S.

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14
Q

Which federal law requires judges to consider victim impact statements at sentencing hearings

A

1982 Victim and Witness Protection Act

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15
Q

The accountability element of restorative justice emphasizes

A

The obligations of the offender to the victim and community

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16
Q

T/F: Rate of violent victimization is higher for young African American males than other groups

A

True

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17
Q

T/F: Stranger violence causes more distress for victims than intimate personal violence

A

False

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18
Q

The child of a victim of homicide is a(n) what victim

A

Secondary

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19
Q

An element of restorative justice is this where offenders make financial payments to victims

A

Restitution

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20
Q

Premeditated murder is

A

First-degree murder

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21
Q

Which the following terms i not used to refer to third degree murder

Voluntary murder
Involuntary murder
Negligent homicide
Negligent murder

A

Voluntary murder

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22
Q

Drunk driving is an example of

A

Negligent homicide

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23
Q

The theoretical perspective used to explain the similarity between homicide victims and offenders

A

Subculture of violence thesis

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

Wolfgang identified this association between alcohol and victim precipitated homicides

A

Positive and significant

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26
Q

What refers to issues surrounding how access to guns may increase their presence

A

Availability

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27
Q

Male serial killers are more likely to target who as their victims

A

Strangers

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28
Q

According to the 4-part typology of serial killers, this serial killer kills for material gain

A

Comfort serial killer

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29
Q

Which of the following is a mission oriented serial killer

Kills for profit
Kills during the commission of their crimes
Kills victims he believes to be evil

A

Kills victims he believes to be evil

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30
Q

This serial killer commit murder to mask other crimes such as robbery

A

Protection oriented

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31
Q

Female serial killers who killed on the orders of Charles Manson were examples of what killers

A

Disciple

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32
Q

A female what serial killer generally kills her spouse, usually for economic profit

A

Black Widow

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33
Q

Omar Matteen, who killed 49 people in an Orlando nightclub, was motivated by

A

Terror

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34
Q

The most common type of mass murderer is the what murderer

A

Revenge

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35
Q

What is a short term acute trigger for a mass murder

A

Precipitant

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36
Q

Among adults, acquaintance rape usually occurs

A

In the context of a dating relationship

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37
Q

Which of the following is not one of the types of behaviors encompassed in child sexual abuse

An adult engages in sexual activity with a minor
An adult engages in nonsexual activity with a minor
An adult exploits a minor sexually for purposes of profit
An adult exploits a minor for sexual gratification

A

An adult engages in nonsexual activity with a minor

38
Q

Most common location for robbery is

A

A street

39
Q

Which of the following is not part of the profile of a typical offender in aggravated assault

Prior arrests
Evidence of offense specialization
Lower socioeconomic status
Low impulse control

A

Evidence of offense specialization

40
Q

What profession experience the highest rates of workplace violence

A

Police officers

41
Q

All burglaries involve what entry

A

Unlawful

42
Q

Technological advances have made electronic devices smaller and resulted in an increase in

A

The supply of suitable targets

43
Q

T/F: Professional thefts have the lowest recovery rate

A

True

44
Q

According to the UCR, the most frequent type of larceny is

A

Theft from a motor vehicle

45
Q

One of the best ways to address both shoplifting and employee theft is through

A

Technology

46
Q

Juveniles are what in offense stats on shoplifting

A

Over-represented

47
Q

T/F: residential burglaries are more common during the day

A

True

48
Q

The primary motivation for the crime of joyriding is

A

Fun

49
Q

The most common target for arson is

A

A structure

50
Q

T/F: Employee theft is a more serious problem than shoplifting

A

True

51
Q

Why do may burglars prefer burglary to other crimes such as robbery

A

Does not involve direct contact with victim

52
Q

A fence commits the crime of

A

Receiving stolen property

53
Q

T/F: A corporation cannot be held criminally responsible for the acts of corporate officials

A

False

54
Q

What did the concept of white collar chime originally refer to

A

Crimes committed by persons of high social status for illegal gain

55
Q

Modern definitions of white collar crime focus on the

A

Nature of the crime

56
Q

Which of the following is an example of corporate fraud
Insider trading
Ponzi Scheme
Advance fee fraud
Equity Skimming

A

Insider trading

57
Q

What fraud includes stock market manipulation. Ponzi schemes, and hedge fund fraud

A

Security and Commodities

58
Q

Who is victimized the most by healthcare fraud in the United States

A

Medicare and Medicaid

59
Q

Process of disgusting money earned through illegal drug trafficking as legal income is known as

A

Money laundering

60
Q

Edwin Sutherland applied elements of what theory to white collar crime

A

Differential Association

61
Q

This acted as a quasi-police organization in the Italian ghetto areas of american cities during the industrial era

A

The Mafia

62
Q

The expansion of organized crime and it focus on official corruption was primarily the result of

A

Prohibition

63
Q

Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries is known as

A

Transnational

64
Q

T/F: Terrorists generally do not commit white collar crimes

A

False

65
Q

According to Edwin Sutherland, white collar criminality is

A

Learned

66
Q

T/F: One result of Prohibition was increased police corruption

A

True

67
Q

During the 19th century the one drug other than alcohol that affected large numbers of americans was

A

Opium

68
Q

Most commonly used illicit drug is

A

Marijuana

69
Q

Drugs with a high potential for abuse but have no accepted medical use in the United States are

A

Schedule 1

70
Q

According to the heroin signature program, the majority of heroin in the US originates in

A

South America

71
Q

What are produced by slightly changing the chemical makeup of illegal controlled substances

A

Designer Drugs

72
Q

What Act required the complete removal of heroin from all medicines

A

Boggs

73
Q

Control strategy that authorities judicial representatives to seize all proceeds traceable to drug sales

A

Forfeiture

74
Q

Reduces criminal penalties associated with the personal possession of a controlled substance

A

Decriminalization

75
Q

Type of prostitute commands the lowest prices and runs the highest risk of arrest

A

Street walker

76
Q

Which type of prostitution is a legal option in parts of the US

A

Brothel prostitutes

77
Q

T/F: Prostitution is legal in the state of Colorado

A

False

78
Q

T/F: The view of prostitution as morally and ethically wrong is an argument used against the legalization of prostitution

A

True

79
Q

Victim Precipitation

A

This theory suggests that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the events that lead to their victimization. Active precipitation involves provocative behavior by the victim, while passive precipitation might involve being in risky situations or having qualities that provoke the offender.

80
Q

Marvin Wolfgang

A

A notable criminologist best known for his work on victim precipitation and his study of homicide in Philadelphia, which was one of the foundational analyses in criminological research focusing on victim-offender interactions.

81
Q

Lifestyle Theory

A

This theory posits that people’s lifestyle choices influence their likelihood of becoming crime victims. It suggests that certain lifestyles expose individuals to more risks than others, particularly those that involve being in public places at times and locations where crime is more likely to occur.

82
Q

Differential Association

A

Developed by Edwin Sutherland, this theory explains deviant behavior, especially juvenile delinquency and white-collar crime, as learned behavior. It posits that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others; individuals become delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law.

83
Q

Routine Activities Theory

A

this theory suggests that the occurrence of a crime is likely if there is…
a motivated offender
a suitable target,
a lack of capable guardianship

84
Q

Deviant Places Theory

A

This criminological theory focuses on the environmental and geographical aspects that contribute to crime. It argues that crime is more likely to occur in small areas where social control is weak, and there is a higher degree of social disorganization.

85
Q

Stigmatized Neighborhoods

A

These are areas perceived negatively by others often due to issues like high crime rates, poverty, and decay. Stigmatization can lead to reduced investment, persistent poverty, and social isolation, further exacerbating the negative characteristics associated with these areas.

86
Q

Broken Windows Theory

A

Introduced by Wilson and Kelling, the theory suggests that maintaining and monitoring urban environments in a well-ordered condition may prevent further vandalism and escalation into more serious crime. It implies that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further crime and disorder, including serious crimes.

87
Q

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)

A

Enacted in 1994, VAWA is a landmark piece of legislation that aimed to improve criminal justice responses to violence against women and increase the availability of services for those victims. It has been reauthorized several times, with amendments and expansions to increase its scope.

88
Q

Maryland v. King

A

A 2013 Supreme Court case concerning the legality of collecting DNA samples from individuals arrested for serious crimes without a warrant. The Court ruled that such practices are constitutional, likening DNA collection to fingerprinting and photographing.

89
Q

Federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA)

A

This is a statutory framework through which the federal government regulates, manufactures, imports, possesses, uses, and distributes certain substances. The CSA categorizes drugs into five “schedules” based on their potential for abuse, medical use, and safety or dependence liability.

90
Q
A

Forensic Law Final (2 decks)

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