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TOC Flashcards

1
Q

Type of crime where even the individual who was victimized is unaware of the crime

A

Undiscovered

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2
Q

Which of the following member of a family is most likely to be the victim of a violent crime

Grandfather
Mother
20 year old daughter
17 year old son

A

17 year old son

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3
Q

Which of the demographic characteristic is associated with a higher risk of victimization

A

Low socio-economic status

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4
Q

Refers to a situation in which an individual is subject to multiple varied victimizations

A

Polyvictimization

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5
Q

Most likely to result in a victim experiencing high levels of distress

Victimized on vacation
Injured during armed robbery
Injured during Assault
Victim of workplace violence

A

Injured during armed robbery

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6
Q

Includes situations where the criminal justice system processes cause emotional harm

A

Secondary victimization

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7
Q

Victimization appears to be a significant risk factor for future involvement in crime for

A

Women

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8
Q

Victimogensis refers to

A

Background of a victim making them prone to victimization

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9
Q

Term victimology was coined by who and is often considered the father of victimology

A

Benjamin Mendelsohn

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10
Q

According to lifestyle theory, what determine(s) victimization by influencing lifestyles

A

Demographic variables

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11
Q

According to routine activities theory, an individual who effectively discourages crime is a

A

Capable guardian

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12
Q

Concept of stigmatized neighborhoods to explain variations in risk of victimization

A

Deviant places

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13
Q

Main goal of Vision 21

A

To change the way victims of crimes are treated in the U.S.

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14
Q

Which federal law requires judges to consider victim impact statements at sentencing hearings

A

1982 Victim and Witness Protection Act

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15
Q

The accountability element of restorative justice emphasizes

A

The obligations of the offender to the victim and community

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16
Q

T/F: Rate of violent victimization is higher for young African American males than other groups

A

True

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17
Q

T/F: Stranger violence causes more distress for victims than intimate personal violence

A

False

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18
Q

The child of a victim of homicide is a(n) what victim

A

Secondary

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19
Q

An element of restorative justice is this where offenders make financial payments to victims

A

Restitution

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20
Q

Premeditated murder is

A

First-degree murder

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21
Q

Which the following terms i not used to refer to third degree murder

Voluntary murder
Involuntary murder
Negligent homicide
Negligent murder

A

Voluntary murder

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22
Q

Drunk driving is an example of

A

Negligent homicide

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23
Q

The theoretical perspective used to explain the similarity between homicide victims and offenders

A

Subculture of violence thesis

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24
Q
A
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25
Wolfgang identified this association between alcohol and victim precipitated homicides
Positive and significant
26
What refers to issues surrounding how access to guns may increase their presence
Availability
27
Male serial killers are more likely to target who as their victims
Strangers
28
According to the 4-part typology of serial killers, this serial killer kills for material gain
Comfort serial killer
29
Which of the following is a mission oriented serial killer Kills for profit Kills during the commission of their crimes Kills victims he believes to be evil
Kills victims he believes to be evil
30
This serial killer commit murder to mask other crimes such as robbery
Protection oriented
31
Female serial killers who killed on the orders of Charles Manson were examples of what killers
Disciple
32
A female what serial killer generally kills her spouse, usually for economic profit
Black Widow
33
Omar Matteen, who killed 49 people in an Orlando nightclub, was motivated by
Terror
34
The most common type of mass murderer is the what murderer
Revenge
35
What is a short term acute trigger for a mass murder
Precipitant
36
Among adults, acquaintance rape usually occurs
In the context of a dating relationship
37
Which of the following is not one of the types of behaviors encompassed in child sexual abuse An adult engages in sexual activity with a minor An adult engages in nonsexual activity with a minor An adult exploits a minor sexually for purposes of profit An adult exploits a minor for sexual gratification
An adult engages in nonsexual activity with a minor
38
Most common location for robbery is
A street
39
Which of the following is not part of the profile of a typical offender in aggravated assault Prior arrests Evidence of offense specialization Lower socioeconomic status Low impulse control
Evidence of offense specialization
40
What profession experience the highest rates of workplace violence
Police officers
41
All burglaries involve what entry
Unlawful
42
Technological advances have made electronic devices smaller and resulted in an increase in
The supply of suitable targets
43
T/F: Professional thefts have the lowest recovery rate
True
44
According to the UCR, the most frequent type of larceny is
Theft from a motor vehicle
45
One of the best ways to address both shoplifting and employee theft is through
Technology
46
Juveniles are what in offense stats on shoplifting
Over-represented
47
T/F: residential burglaries are more common during the day
True
48
The primary motivation for the crime of joyriding is
Fun
49
The most common target for arson is
A structure
50
T/F: Employee theft is a more serious problem than shoplifting
True
51
Why do may burglars prefer burglary to other crimes such as robbery
Does not involve direct contact with victim
52
A fence commits the crime of
Receiving stolen property
53
T/F: A corporation cannot be held criminally responsible for the acts of corporate officials
False
54
What did the concept of white collar chime originally refer to
Crimes committed by persons of high social status for illegal gain
55
Modern definitions of white collar crime focus on the
Nature of the crime
56
Which of the following is an example of corporate fraud Insider trading Ponzi Scheme Advance fee fraud Equity Skimming
Insider trading
57
What fraud includes stock market manipulation. Ponzi schemes, and hedge fund fraud
Security and Commodities
58
Who is victimized the most by healthcare fraud in the United States
Medicare and Medicaid
59
Process of disgusting money earned through illegal drug trafficking as legal income is known as
Money laundering
60
Edwin Sutherland applied elements of what theory to white collar crime
Differential Association
61
This acted as a quasi-police organization in the Italian ghetto areas of american cities during the industrial era
The Mafia
62
The expansion of organized crime and it focus on official corruption was primarily the result of
Prohibition
63
Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries is known as
Transnational
64
T/F: Terrorists generally do not commit white collar crimes
False
65
According to Edwin Sutherland, white collar criminality is
Learned
66
T/F: One result of Prohibition was increased police corruption
True
67
During the 19th century the one drug other than alcohol that affected large numbers of americans was
Opium
68
Most commonly used illicit drug is
Marijuana
69
Drugs with a high potential for abuse but have no accepted medical use in the United States are
Schedule 1
70
According to the heroin signature program, the majority of heroin in the US originates in
South America
71
What are produced by slightly changing the chemical makeup of illegal controlled substances
Designer Drugs
72
What Act required the complete removal of heroin from all medicines
Boggs
73
Control strategy that authorities judicial representatives to seize all proceeds traceable to drug sales
Forfeiture
74
Reduces criminal penalties associated with the personal possession of a controlled substance
Decriminalization
75
Type of prostitute commands the lowest prices and runs the highest risk of arrest
Street walker
76
Which type of prostitution is a legal option in parts of the US
Brothel prostitutes
77
T/F: Prostitution is legal in the state of Colorado
False
78
T/F: The view of prostitution as morally and ethically wrong is an argument used against the legalization of prostitution
True
79
Victim Precipitation
This theory suggests that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the events that lead to their victimization. Active precipitation involves provocative behavior by the victim, while passive precipitation might involve being in risky situations or having qualities that provoke the offender.
80
Marvin Wolfgang
A notable criminologist best known for his work on victim precipitation and his study of homicide in Philadelphia, which was one of the foundational analyses in criminological research focusing on victim-offender interactions.
81
Lifestyle Theory
This theory posits that people's lifestyle choices influence their likelihood of becoming crime victims. It suggests that certain lifestyles expose individuals to more risks than others, particularly those that involve being in public places at times and locations where crime is more likely to occur.
82
Differential Association
Developed by Edwin Sutherland, this theory explains deviant behavior, especially juvenile delinquency and white-collar crime, as learned behavior. It posits that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others; individuals become delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law.
83
Routine Activities Theory
this theory suggests that the occurrence of a crime is likely if there is... a motivated offender a suitable target, a lack of capable guardianship
84
Deviant Places Theory
This criminological theory focuses on the environmental and geographical aspects that contribute to crime. It argues that crime is more likely to occur in small areas where social control is weak, and there is a higher degree of social disorganization.
85
Stigmatized Neighborhoods
These are areas perceived negatively by others often due to issues like high crime rates, poverty, and decay. Stigmatization can lead to reduced investment, persistent poverty, and social isolation, further exacerbating the negative characteristics associated with these areas.
86
Broken Windows Theory
Introduced by Wilson and Kelling, the theory suggests that maintaining and monitoring urban environments in a well-ordered condition may prevent further vandalism and escalation into more serious crime. It implies that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further crime and disorder, including serious crimes.
87
Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)
Enacted in 1994, VAWA is a landmark piece of legislation that aimed to improve criminal justice responses to violence against women and increase the availability of services for those victims. It has been reauthorized several times, with amendments and expansions to increase its scope.
88
Maryland v. King
A 2013 Supreme Court case concerning the legality of collecting DNA samples from individuals arrested for serious crimes without a warrant. The Court ruled that such practices are constitutional, likening DNA collection to fingerprinting and photographing.
89
Federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA)
This is a statutory framework through which the federal government regulates, manufactures, imports, possesses, uses, and distributes certain substances. The CSA categorizes drugs into five "schedules" based on their potential for abuse, medical use, and safety or dependence liability.
90

Forensic Law Final (2 decks)

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