Tobira Grammar Sentences 1 Flashcards
<div> この皿はプラスチックで、そして、このコップは紙でできている。 </div>
<div> ---N でできている This grammar (でできている)is used when describing something specific. i.e. the "plate" and "cup." </div>
<br></br> This plate is made from plastic, and this cup is made from paper.
<div> チーズやヨーグルトは牛乳からできます。 </div>
<div> からできます。 N から indicates the materials are not immediately obvious. できる is used for general statements. </div>
<br></br> Cheese and yogurt are made from milk.
<div> プラスチックは石油からできる。 </div>
<div> からできます。 N から indicates the materials are not immediately obvious. できる is used for general statements. </div>
<br></br> Plastic is made from petroleum.
<div> ワインはブドウからできますが、お酒はお米からできます。 </div>
<div> からできます。 N から indicates the materials are not immediately obvious. できる is used for general statements. </div>
<br></br> Wine is made from grapes, but sake is made from rice.
<div> 日本には木でできた家が多いが、この国の家はたいてい石でできている </div>
<div> ---N でできている This grammar (でできている)is used when describing something specific. i.e. the "plate" and "cup." </div>
<br></br> In Japan, most houses are made out of wood, but houses in this country are usually made out of stone.
<div> この荷物の重さは何キロくらいでしょうか。 </div>
<div> The suffix さ is attached to the stem of an i-adjective or a na-adjective to form a noun. The typical effect is the addition of this suffix "-ness," as in "niceness" or "-ty," as in "rarity." </div>
<br></br> How heavy do you think this bag is? / I wonder how heavy
<div> 富士山の高さは何キロくらいでしょうか。 </div>
<div> The suffix さ is attached to the stem of an i-adjective or a na-adjective to form a noun. The typical effect is the addition of this suffix "-ness," as in "niceness" or "-ty," as in "rarity." </div>
<br></br> About how many meters is the height of Mt. Fuji, I wonder.
<div> この話の良さがわからない人はいないと思います。 </div>
<div> The suffix さ is attached to the stem of an i-adjective or a na-adjective to form a noun. The typical effect is the addition of this suffix "-ness," as in "niceness" or "-ty," as in "rarity." </div>
<br></br> I don’t think there’s anyone who wouldn’t understand the merit of this story.
<div> 日本の携帯電話の便利さには、びっくりした。 </div>
<div> The suffix さ is attached to the stem of an i-adjective or a na-adjective to form a noun. The typical effect is the addition of this suffix "-ness," as in "niceness" or "-ty," as in "rarity." </div>
<br></br> I was surprised by how useful Japanese cell phones are.
<div> この本のよさがよく分かる。 </div>
<div> よさ is the irregular conjugation of いい to a noun by the addition of the suffix -さ。 </div>
<br></br> I know well the “goodness” of this book.
<div> これはチョコレートのように見えるけれど、消しゴムだから、食べられませんよ。 </div>
<div> N のように used when X is as Y shows, says, explains. </div>
<br></br> You can see that this looks like chocolate, but it is an eraser, so you can’t eat it.
<div> この写真を見れば分かるように、ロンドンには、色々な名所がある。 </div>
<div> V-plain のように used when X does something as shown/said/explained/etc. in/by Y. </div>
<br></br> As you can see if you look at these photos, there are various famous locations in London.
<div> 小さい猫の声は、赤ちゃんが泣いているように聞こえます。 </div>
<div> V-plain ように used when X resembles Y </div>
<br></br> The voice of a small cat sounds like a crying baby.
<div> 先生がおっしゃるように、言葉は毎日勉強しなければ上手にならないと思います。 </div>
<div> V-plain ように used when X resembles Y </div>
<br></br> Like our teacher says, I don’t think you can become skillful at a language unless you practice every day.
<div> この本に書いてあるように作れば、おいしいドレッシングができるよ。 </div>
<div> V-plain ように used when X resembles Y </div>
<br></br> You can make delicious dressing if you follow the recipe in this book (lt. make it as if it’s written in this book).
<div> エジプトはピラミッドやスフィンクスで有名です。 </div>
<div> ーはNで有名です。 -- is famous for N. </div>
<br></br> Egypt is famous for pyramids and the sphinx.
<div> このお寺は古い桜の木があることで知られている。 </div>
<div> ---はSことで知られている。 --- is known for S(entence/statement). </div>
<br></br> This temple is known for its old cherry blossom trees.
<div> 熊は冬眠する(to hibernate)ことで知られていますが、動物園の熊も冬眠をしますか。 </div>
<div> ---はSことで知られている。 --- is known for S(entence/statement). </div>
<br></br> Bears are known for hibernating, but do bears in zoos hinbernate, too?
スミスさんは昼は大学で勉強しく、夜は病院で掃除のアルバイトをしている。
<div> A-stem + く、- The stem of an i-adjective (多い)+ く indicate that the sentece is continuing and functions like "and" in english. This grammar is used only in WRITTEN form, the -て form is used in speech. </div>
<br></br> Smith studies at college during the day and does part-time janitorial work at a hospital at night.
<div> 兄と違く、僕はスポーツがあまり得意じゃない。 </div>
<div> A-stem + く、- The stem of an i-adjective (多い)+ く indicate that the sentece is continuing and functions like "and" in english. This grammar is used only in WRITTEN form, the -て form is used in speech. </div>
<br></br> Unlike my older brother, I’m not very good at sports.
<div> あの図書館は日本の本が少なく、日本の新聞もなかったので、一度しか行かなかった。 </div>
<div> A-stem + く、- The stem of an i-adjective (多い)+ く indicate that the sentece is continuing and functions like "and" in english. This grammar is used only in WRITTEN form, the -て form is used in speech. </div>
<br></br> That library didn’t have many Japanese books, and it didn’t have any Japanese newspaper either, so I only went there once.
<div> この地方は冬は雪が多く、夏はとても暑い。 </div>
<div> A-stem + く、- The stem of an i-adjective (多い)+ く indicate that the sentece is continuing and functions like "and" in english. This grammar is used only in WRITTEN form, the -て form is used in speech. </div>
<br></br> In this region, there is a lot of snow in the winter, and the summers are very hot.
<div> 昨日は友達とレストランで晩御飯を食べ、その後、映画を見に行った。 </div>
<div> V-masu, -- The masu stem of a verb indicate that the sentence is continuing. That is, it functions like the english "and." This use of grammar is only for WRITTEN passages and FORMAL SPEECH; the ーて form is used for this purpose in typical spoken language. </div>
<br></br> Yesterday I ate lunch at a restaurant with friends, and after that we went to see a movie.
<div> 晩御飯はたいてい家で食べますが、時々友達とレストランに行くこともあります。 </div>
<div> V-plain-nonpast こともある。 V-plain-nonpast こともある is used when something occurs (or someone does something) occasionally, and the も implies that something else may also occur. ***DO NOT CONFUSE with V-plain.PAST ことがある which states previous experience. </div>
<br></br> I usually eat dinner at home, but there are times when I go out to eat with friends, too.
<div> 文法の説明を読んでもわからないことがある。そんな時は先生に聞きに行くことにしている。 </div>
<div> V-plain-nonpast ことがある。 Used to indicated when something occurs (or someone does something) occassionally. ***DO NOT CONFUSE with V-plain.PAST ことがある which states previous experience. </div>
<br></br> Sometimes I can’t understand the grammar even when I read the explanation. When that happens, I make it a habit to go ask my teacher.
<div> ハワイは1年中気温が高いけれど、高い山では雪が降ることもあるそうだ。 </div>
<div> V-plain-nonpast こともある。 V-plain-nonpast こともある is used when something occurs (or someone does something) occasionally, and the も implies that something else may also occur. ***DO NOT CONFUSE with V-plain.PAST ことがある which states previous experience. </div>
<br></br> Hawaii is warm all year around, but I hear that there are times when it snows in the high mountains.
<div> 週末はたいてい両親の家に帰るが、忙しくて帰られないこともある。 </div>
<div> V-plain-nonpast こともある。 V-plain-nonpast こともある is used when something occurs (or someone does something) occasionally, and the も implies that something else may also occur. ***DO NOT CONFUSE with V-plain.PAST ことがある which states previous experience. </div>
<br></br> I usually go home to my parent’s house on weekends, but there are times when I get busy and can’t go home.
<div> 文法の説明を読んでも分からないことがある </div>
<div> V-plain-nonpast ことがある。 Used to indicated when something occurs (or someone does something) occassionally. ***DO NOT CONFUSE with V-plain.PAST ことがある which states previous experience. </div>
<br></br> Sometimes I don’t understand the grammar explanation even though I read it.
<div> 日本人が大好きな桜の花がいつ頃咲くかは、場所によって違います。 </div>
<div> Question wordかはNによって違う。 This structure is used to indicate that something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc. </div>
<br></br> The approximate blooming time for Sakura, beloved by the Japanese, differs depending on location
<div> 性格(character)は人によって違います。 </div>
<div> NかはN2によって違う。 This structure is used to indicate that something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc. </div>
<br></br> Character differs depending on the person.
<div> 何歳で運転免許が取れるかは、国によって違うようです。 </div>
<div> NかはN2によって違う。 This structure is used to indicate that something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc. </div>
<br></br> It seems that the age at which you can get your driver’s license differs depending on the country.
<div> 私にとって、読み物が難しいかどうかは、漢字の多さによります。 </div>
<div> ーかどうかは、N2による。 Whether ー or not depends on N2. This structure is used to indicate that something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc. </div>
<br></br> To me, whether I find a book difficult or not depends on the “numerousness” of the kanji.
<div> 授業料をいくら払わなくてはいけないかは、大学によって違う。 </div>
<div> NかはN2によって違う。 This structure is used to indicate that something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc. </div>
<br></br> How much tuition you have to pay differs depending on the university.
<div> どの大学に留学するかは、もらえる奨学金による。 </div>
<div> ーかは、N2による。 Whether ー or not depends on N2. This structure is used to indicate that something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc. </div>
<br></br> Where (lit. at what university) I study abroad depends on how big a scholarship I can get.
<div> この地方では、11月になると雪が降り始めます。 </div>
<div> V-masu 始める。 始める in this use is an auxiliary verb meaning "begin to V." </div>
<br></br> When it turns November in this region, snow begins to fall.
<div> 私の弟は1歳の時、歩き始めました。そして、1歳半になった時、話し始めました。 </div>
<div> V-masu 始める。 始める in this use is an auxiliary verb meaning "begin to V." </div>
<br></br> My little brother started walking when he was one year old. He started talking when he was one and a half.
<div> 毎晩コーラスぶの練習があるので、勉強をし始めるのはいつも10時過ぎだ。 </div>
<div> V-masu 始める。 始める in this use is an auxiliary verb meaning "begin to V." </div>
<br></br> Because I have practice at chorus club every night, I always start studying after 10:00.
<div> 友達へのプレゼント。 </div>
<div> N(particle) のN2 The のmust be present in this grammar usage because it indicates that the N(particle) modifies N2. Without の, the N(particle) otherwise N(part) seems to modify the predicate in the clause. i.e. compare 先生とミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to meet the teacher) and 先生とのミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to the meeting with the teacher). </div>
<br></br> a present for a friend.
<div> 日本での仕事 </div>
<div> The のmust be present in this grammar usage because it indicates that the N(particle) modifies N2. Without の, the N(particle) otherwise N(part) seems to modify the predicate in the clause. i.e. compare 先生とミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to meet the teacher) and 先生とのミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to the meeting with the teacher). </div>
<br></br> a job in Japan
<div> 先生とのミーティング </div>
<div> The のmust be present in this grammar usage because it indicates that the N(particle) modifies N2. Without の, the N(particle) otherwise N(part) seems to modify the predicate in the clause. i.e. compare 先生とミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to meet the teacher) and 先生とのミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to the meeting with the teacher). </div>
<br></br> a meeting with the teacher
<div> 八時からのパーティー。 </div>
<div> The のmust be present in this grammar usage because it indicates that the N(particle) modifies N2. Without の, the N(particle) otherwise N(part) seems to modify the predicate in the clause. i.e. compare 先生とミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to meet the teacher) and 先生とのミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to the meeting with the teacher). </div>
<br></br> a party which starts at 8.
<div> 京都までの新幹線(しんかんせん)の切符(きっぷ) </div>
<div> The のmust be present in this grammar usage because it indicates that the N(particle) modifies N2. Without の, the N(particle) otherwise N(part) seems to modify the predicate in the clause. i.e. compare 先生とミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to meet the teacher) and 先生とのミーチングに行けない。(I can't go to the meeting with the teacher). </div>
<br></br> a Shinkansen (bullet train) ticket to kyoto
<div> 世界で一番長い川はナイルだと言われているが、アマゾン川だと言う人もいる。 </div>
<div> ーはSentence-plainと言われているがX "Sentence-plain" is said to be ー、but X This structure is used to introduce something commonly said about something or someone. </div>
<br></br> The Nile river is said to be the longest river in the world, but there are also people who say it is the Amazon river.
<div> 道後温泉は日本の一番古い温泉で、3000年の歴史があると言われています。 </div>
<div> ーはS-plainと言われている。 It is said that ーis S-plain。 </div>
<br></br> It is said that the Dougo Onsen, with 3000 years of history, is the oldest onsen in Japan.
<div> 「電気の町」秋葉原は、最近「お宅の町」だとも言われている。 </div>
<div> ーはS-plainと言われている。 It is said that ーis S-plain。 </div>
<br></br> Akihabara used to be called “Electronics Town”, but now it’s called “Otaku Town”
<div> 風邪を引いたときはビタミンCをたくさん撮るといいと言われている。 </div>
<div> ーはS-plainと言われている。 It is said that ーis S-plain。 </div>
<br></br> They say it’s good to take lots of vitamin C when you get a cold.
<div> 日本の名所と言えば、温泉も忘れることはできません。 </div>
<div> ーと言えば。 Literally means "if you say that--," but translates better as "Speaking of..." and is used to present, as the topic, something or someone related to what has just been mentioned by the hearer or speaker. </div>
<br></br> Speaking of “famous places of Japan,” you can’t forget about onsens.
<div> 昔話と言えば、昨日「桃太郎」紙芝居を見ましたよ。 </div>
<div> ーと言えば。 Literally means "if you say that--," but translates better as "Speaking of..." and is used to present, as the topic, something or someone related to what has just been mentioned by the hearer or speaker. </div>
<br></br> Speaking of folk tales, yesterday I saw a “Kamishibai” performance of Momotarou.
<div> 道子さんと言えば、来月田中さんと結婚すると聞きましたが、本当ですか。 </div>
<div> ーと言えば。 Literally means "if you say that--," but translates better as "Speaking of..." and is used to present, as the topic, something or someone related to what has just been mentioned by the hearer or speaker. </div>
<br></br> Speaking of Michiko, I heard that she’s getting married to Mr. Tanaka next month. Is it true?
<div> 香港と言えば、山の上から見る夜の景色が素晴らしいそうですね。 </div>
<div> ーと言えば。 Literally means "if you say that--," but translates better as "Speaking of..." and is used to present, as the topic, something or someone related to what has just been mentioned by the hearer or speaker. </div>
<br></br> Speaking of Hong Kong, I hear that the view at night from the of the hill (lit. mountain) is wonderful.
<div> 週末はたいてい洗濯とか掃除(とか)をします。 </div>
<div> ーとか(-とか) とかis used to list examples non-exhaustively. It is similar to や in meaning when the examples listed are nouns. When 2+ examples are used the final とか is optional if followed by a particle as seen in this example. It is otherwise MANDATORY. </div>
<br></br> On weekends I usually do stuff like laundry and cleaning.
<div> フィンランド語とかトルコ語とか、みんながあまり勉強してない言葉を勉強してみたい。 </div>
<div> ーとか(-とか) とかis used to list examples non-exhaustively. It is similar to や in meaning when the examples listed are nouns. When 2+ examples are used the final とか is optional if followed by a particle as seen in this example. It is otherwise MANDATORY. </div>
<br></br> I want to try studying a language not many people learn, like Finnish or Turkish.
<div> 漢字を覚える時は、フラッシュカードを作るとか、何回も書くとかするといいです。 </div>
<div> ーとか(-とか) とかis used to list examples non-exhaustively. The final とか is MANDATORY because it is followed by する. NOTE: UNLIKE や、とか can be used to list verb phrases, as seen here. </div>
<br></br> When trying to memorize kanji, making flashcards and writing them over and over is good to do.
<div> パソコンというのは、パーソナルコンピュータのことです。 </div>
<div> ーというのはNのことだ。 The meaning of ー is N. This structure is used to provide a meaning or definition of a word or phrase. </div>
<br></br> The meaning of “persocon” is “personal computer.”
<div> すみません。学生証(がくせいしょう)というのは、何のことですか? </div>
<div> Nというのは、何のことですか。 What does N mean?/What is the meaning of N? </div>
<br></br> I’m sorry, what does “gakuseishou” mean?
<div> 学生証というのは、Student IDのことですよ </div>
<div> Nというのは、何のことですか。 What does N mean?/What is the meaning of N? </div>
<br></br> It means “student ID”.
<div> 行事というのは、季節(きせつ)で決まった時に特別に何かを行うことです。 </div>
<div> Nというのは、-という意味です the meaning of N is ー。 </div>
<br></br> The meaning of “gyouji” is a special, decided upon time of the season when something special occurs.
<div> 留学するというのは、外国で勉強するということだ。 </div>
<div> Nというのは、何のことですか。 What does N mean?/What is the meaning of N? </div>
<br></br> Ryuugakusuru means to study in a foreign country.
<div> 「話せる」というのは、「話すことができる」という意味だ。 </div>
<div> Nというのは、-という意味です the meaning of N is ー。 </div>
<br></br> Hanaseru means “to be able to speak”.
<div> 日本語はひらがなだけでなく、カタカナや漢字も覚えなくてはいけません。 </div>
<div> N1 だけでなく、N2(prt)も not only N1, but N2 also </div>
<br></br> For Japanese, not only hiragana, but katakana and kanji must also be memorized.
<div> 「すみません」は、"I'm sorry" という意味だけでなく、"excuse me" という意味もあります。 </div>
<div> Sだけでなく、N(prt)も Not just S is true, but also N </div>
<br></br> sumimasen doesn’t only mean “I’m sorry,” it also means “excuse me.”
<div> 京都は古いお寺があるだけでなく、きれいな景色でも有名です。 </div>
<div> Sだけでなく、N(prt)も Not just S is true, but also N </div>
<br></br> Kyoto is famous not just for its old temples, but also for its beautiful scenery.
<div> このアパートは駅から近くて便利なだけじゃなくて、家賃も安いから、借りることにした。 </div>
<div> Sだけでなく、N(prt)も Not just S is true, but also N </div>
<br></br> Not only is this apartment conveniently close to the train station, but the rent’s cheap, too, so I’ve decided to rent it.
<div> その映画は面白いだけじゃなくて、音楽もいいよ。 </div>
<div> Sだけでなく、N(prt)も Not just S is true, but also N </div>
<br></br> Not only is the movie interesting, the film’s music is good, too.
<div> 宮崎駿(みやざき・はやお)のアニメって、いいよね。 </div>
<div> -Nって As for N; Speaking of N- </div>
<br></br> As for Hayao, Miyazaki’s anime, they’re good aren’t they?
<div> 田中さん、5時に来るって言ってたけど、まだ来ないね。 </div>
<div> S/Nって言う say that S/N って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と </div>
<br></br> Mr. Tanaka said he’d come around 5:00, but he still hasn’t come, has he?
<div> 道子さんの出身って、どこ? </div>
<div> S/Nって言う say that S/N って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と </div>
<br></br> Where are you from, Michiko? / Where’s Michiko from?
<div> 漢字って、覚えてもすぐ忘れちゃうよね。 </div>
<div> S/Nって言う say that S/N って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と </div>
<br></br> Kanji are like that - you forget them almost as soon as you’ve memorized them, don’t you?
<div> 明日はテストがないって聞いたけど、本当? </div>
<div> S/Nって聞く heard that S/N って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と </div>
<br></br> I heard there isn’t a test tomorrow, but is that true?
<div> ここに「静かにして下さい」って書いてあるのが見えませんか。 </div>
<div> S/Nって書く S/N is written... って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と </div>
<br></br> Please be quiet is written right here, can’t you see it?
<div> 僕の名前は「つとむ」だけど、友達は「トム」って呼んだ。 </div>
<div> S/Nって呼ぶ ...called S/N って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と </div>
<br></br> My name is “tsutomu,” but my friends call me “tom.”
<div> 「桃太郎」っていう話、聞いたことある? </div>
<div> N1っていうN2 The N2 called N1. って is the informal colloquial form of the quotative marker と </div>
<br></br> Have you heard the story called “Momotarou?”
<div> 日本語は〜話す相手によって話し方を変えなければいけないことがあります。 </div>
<div> V-nai(なければいけない)。 Expresses idea of obligation (i.e. have to; must; should). "いけない” is used when the sense of obligation is directed towards the hearer, in the sense of "you (all) should..." </div>
<br></br> There are times in Japanese when you have to change the way you speak based on the partner you’re talking to.
<div> まだちょっとしなきゃなんないことがあるんだ。 </div>
<div> V-nai (なきゃなんない。) used to indicate a sense of obligation. It is the very contracted form of なければならない (ー>なきゃならない ー>なきゃなんない。) use of ならない indicates the speakers own sense of obligation (I have to; must; should) </div>
<br></br> I still have some things to do.
<div> 国民はみんな税金を払わなければなりません。 </div>
<div> V-nai (なきゃなんない。) used to indicate a sense of obligation. It is the very contracted form of なければならない (ー>なきゃならない ー>なきゃなんない。) use of ならない indicates the speakers own sense of obligation (I have to; must; should) </div>
<br></br> All citizens have to pay taxes.
<div> この( )に入れるのは、助詞でなくてはいけません。 </div>
<div> (V-nai) (なければいけない)。 Expresses idea of obligation (i.e. have to; must; should). "いけない” is used when the sense of obligation is directed towards the hearer, in the sense of "you (all) should..." </div>
<br></br> What you insert within this ( ) must be a particle.
<div> 調べなきゃならないことがあるので、図書館に行って来る。 </div>
<div> (V-nai) (なきゃならない)。 expresses idea of personal obligation (because of naranai). It is shortened from なければならない (ー>なきゃならない ー>なきゃなんない。) </div>
<br></br> I have things I have to research so I’m going to the library.
<div> 郵便局に行って来なくちゃんないから、ちょっとここで待ってて。 </div>
<div> V-nai (なくちゃなんない) expresses personal sense of obligation (due to naranai). It is shortened from なくてはならないー>なくちゃならないー>なくちゃなんない。 </div>
<br></br> I’ve gotta run to the post office, so wait here for a sec.
<div> 今朝、朝寝坊してクラスに遅れちゃったから、明日はもっと早く起きなくちゃ。 </div>
<div> V-nai なくちゃ。 Expresses obligation. Shortened from なくては。 In the sentence final position the いけない/ならない can be dropped. </div>
<br></br> This morning I overslept and ended up being late for class, so I’ve gotta wake up earlier tomorrow.
<div> 病院に行って来なくちゃなんない。 </div>
<div> V-nai (なくちゃなんない) expresses personal sense of obligation (due to naranai). It is shortened from なくてはならないー>なくちゃならないー>なくちゃなんない。 </div>
<br></br> I have to go to the hospital.
<div> 明日はもっと早く起きなくちゃ。 </div>
<div> V-nai なくちゃ。 Expresses obligation. Shortened from なくては。 In the sentence final position the いけない/ならない can be dropped. </div>
<br></br> I have to wake up earlier tomorrow.
<div> 今学期は日本語やアジアの歴史などのクラスを取っています。 </div>
<div> N1 や N2 など (の/、)N3 など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases. </div>
<br></br> This semester I am taking classes such as Japanese and Asian history.
<div> 日本の食べ物の中では、寿司やてんぷらなどが好きです。 </div>
<div> N1 や N2 など N1, N2, among others.-- など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases. </div>
<br></br> Among Japanese foods, I like sushi, tempura and others.
<div> 夏休みはイタリヤやギリシャなどに行こうと思っています。 </div>
<div> N1 や N2 など N1, N2, among others.-- など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases. </div>
<br></br> I’m thinking of going to Italy and Greece (and other plaes around there) over summer vacation.
<div> 「生」や「日」などの漢字は、読み方がたくさんあって、覚えるのが大変だ。 </div>
<div> N1 や N2 など (の/、)N3 など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases. </div>
<br></br> Kanji like 生 and 日 have a lot of different readings and it’s hard to memorize (all of them).
<div> 日本語には「いらっしゃいます」や「召し上がります」など、いろいろな敬語がある。 </div>
<div> N1 や N2 など N1, N2, among others.-- など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases. </div>
<br></br> In Japanese, there are various honorific expressions, like irasshaimasu and meshiagarimasu.
<div> 漢字は日本語の勉強で最も大切なものの一つです。 </div>
<div> の一つです。 NはNP {一つ/一人)だ。 X is one of the ~. </div>
<br></br> Kanji is one of the most important things in the study of Japanese.
<div> アラビア語は最も難しい言葉の一つだと言われています。 </div>
<div> NはNPの一つだ。 N is one of NP. </div>
<br></br> It is said that Arabic is one of the hardest languages to learn.
<div> 読書は私が一番好きなことの一つだ。 </div>
<div> NはNPの一つだ。 N is one of NP. </div>
<br></br> Reading is one of my favorite things.
<div> あなたにとって、一番大切な人は誰ですか。 </div>
<div> Nにとって This means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important/useful/good/necessary/difficult etc. to X. X is usually a person, geographic unit or organization. </div>
<br></br> Who is the most important person to you?
<div> 僕にとって、忘れない場所は、彼女と初めて会った喫茶店です。 </div>
<div> Nにとって This means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important/useful/good/necessary/difficult etc. to X. X is usually a person, geographic unit or organization. </div>
<br></br> One place that I’ll never forget is the café where I first met my girlfriend.
<div> 私にとって一番大切なものは私の猫だが、猫にとって一番大切なものは食べ物のようだ。 </div>
<div> Nにとって This means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important/useful/good/necessary/difficult etc. to X. X is usually a person, geographic unit or organization. </div>
<br></br> My cat is the most important thing in the world to me, but for my cat it seems like the most important thing in the world is food.
<div> ベートーベンは音楽家にとって最も大切な耳が聞こえなくなってしまったのに、あの有名な「第九シンフォニー」を作った。 </div>
<div> Nにとって This means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important/useful/good/necessary/difficult etc. to X. X is usually a person, geographic unit or organization. </div>
<br></br> Despite losing his hearing, which is the most important thing for a composer’s work, Beethoven wrote his famous Ninth Symphony.
<div> ペンの代わりに鉛筆(えんぴつ)を使って書いてください。 </div>
<div> Nの代わりに is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone. </div>
<br></br> Use a pencil instead of a pen to write, please.
<div> 母が病気だったので、(母の)代わりに私が晩ご飯を作りました。 </div>
<div> Nの代わりに is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone. When the context is clear, the Nの can be omitted, as we see here. </div>
<br></br> Because mom was ill, I made dinner instead.
<div> 日本の若い人たちと友達になりたかったら、「です・ます」の話し方の代わりに、カジュアルな話し方で話したほうがいいよ。 </div>
<div> Nの代わりに is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone. When the context is clear, the Nの can be omitted, as we see here. </div>
<br></br> If you want to make friends with young Japanese, you should use casual speech instead of the desu/masu form.
<div> 最近、日本でも現金の代わりにカードを使う人が多くなった。 </div>
<div> Nの代わりに is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone. When the context is clear, the Nの can be omitted, as we see here. </div>
<br></br> Recently, many people have begun using cards in place of cash in Japan, too.
<div> 父は家族のためにいっしょうけんめい働いている。 </div>
<div> N/non-past,plain V (のために) indicates either purpose or reason/cause, and in certain contexts connotes "for the benefit," which is the case here. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of" </div>
<br></br> Father works his hardest for the sake of his family.
<div> 私は健康のため、エレベーターに乗らないで階段を使うことにしています。 </div>
<div> N/non-past,plainV (のために) indicates either purpose or reason/cause. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of" </div>
<br></br> To maintain my health, I make a habit of taking the stairs instead of the elevator.
<div> 日本中を安く旅行するために、JRパスを買おうと思っている。 </div>
<div> N/non-past,plainV (のために) indicates either purpose or reason/cause. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of" </div>
<br></br> I’m thinking of buying a JR pass so that I can travel around Japan cheaply.
<div> これは敬語の使い方を練習するためのサイトだ。 </div>
<div> N/non-past,plainV (のために) indicates either purpose or reason/cause. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of" </div>
<br></br> This is a site created to help people practice their keigo.
<div> 日本の会社で働きたいと思っている。そのためにはもっと日本語が上手にならなくてはいけない。 </div>
<div> N/non-past,plainV (のために) indicates either purpose or reason/cause. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of" </div>
<br></br> I want to work at a Japanese company. For that purpose, I need to become more skilled at Japanese.
<div> コンピュータが壊れたために、レポートが書きませんでした。 </div>
<div> past,plainV のため(に) indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。 </div>
<br></br> Because my computer broke, I didn’t write my report.
<div> 勉強が忙しいため、友達と合う時間がない。 </div>
<div> ~(na) adjectiveのため(に) indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。 </div>
<br></br> Because I’m busy with my studies, I don’t have time to meet with my friends.
<div> トムさんは日本語が上手なため、ときどき通訳を頼まれる。 </div>
<div> ~(i) adjective のため(に) indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。 </div>
<br></br> Due to Tom being good at Japanese, he is sometimes asked to be an interpreter.
<div> 今年はあまり雪が降らない。そのためにスキーが出来ない。 </div>
<div> N/non-past,plainV (のために) indicates either purpose or reason/cause. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of" </div>
<br></br> There hasn’t been much snow this year. Because of that, we can’t go skiing.
<div> 九州か四国へ行く。 本か雑誌がある。 友達か家族と旅行に行く。 </div>
<div> N1 か N2 (Prt) is used to present two alternatives. In the case that the second alternative has a particle, the second か is dropped, as here. </div>
<br></br> I will go either to kyushu or shikoku. There are either books or magazines. I will go travel with either my friends or family.
<div> 東京から九州まで新幹線で行くか飛行機で行くか、まだ決めていないんです。 </div>
<div> AかBか is used to present alternatives. meaning: "either A or B;" "whether A or B" </div>
<br></br> I haven’t decided yet whether I’m going to go from Tokyo to Kyushu by bullet train or by plane.
<div> 今週中にメールを出すか電話をかけるかしますから、待っていて下さい。 </div>
<div> AかBか is used to present alternatives. meaning: "either A or B;" "whether A or B" </div>
<br></br> I’ll either e-mail you or call you some time this week, so please wait for that.
<div> その店がおいしかったかまずかったか覚えていますか。 </div>
<div> AかBか is used to present alternatives. meaning: "either A or B;" "whether A or B" </div>
<br></br> Do you remember whether (the food at) that store was delicious or bad?
<div> 最近のケータイは複雑すぎて、便利か便利じゃないか分からない。 </div>
<div> AかBか is used to present alternatives. meaning: "either A or B;" "whether A or B" </div>
<br></br> Cell phones these days are so complicated that it’s hard to say whether or not they are really useful.
<div> 私は毎朝ジュースか水を飲む。 </div>
<div> AかBか is used to present alternatives. meaning: "either A or B;" "whether A or B" </div>
<br></br> I drink juice or water every morning.
<div> その店、おいしいんでしょ。 </div>
<div> ~でしょ is the shortened version of ~でしょう which with a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Women traditionally use でしょう (the polite version of だろう)and in casual conversation it is shortened to でしょ。 </div>
<br></br> That restaraunt is pretty good, isn’t it?
<div> このケーキ、おいしいだろう。 </div>
<div> ~だろうwith a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Men use だろう, which is the informal of でしょう。In casual conversation the final う tends to drop. </div>
<br></br> This cake is good, isn’t it?
<div> トムさんは昨日よく勉強していたから、今日の日本語の試験、簡単だったでしょ。 </div>
<div> ~でしょ is the shortened version of ~でしょう which with a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Women traditionally use でしょう (the polite version of だろう)and in casual conversation it is shortened to でしょ。 </div>
<br></br> Tom, you studied hard last night, so I guess your Japanese test today was easy.
<div> このケーキ、おいしいだろう。有名な店で買ったんだ。高かったんだよ。 </div>
<div> ~だろうwith a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Men use だろう, which is the informal of でしょう。In casual conversation the final う tends to drop. </div>
<br></br> Don’t you think this cake is great? I bought it at a famous shop. It was expensive.
<div> 田中さんもあの映画、見たんですか?私も先週見たんですよ。とっても良かったでしょう。 </div>
<div> ~でしょ is the shortened version of ~でしょう which with a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Women traditionally use でしょう (the polite version of だろう)and in casual conversation it is shortened to でしょ。 </div>
<br></br> You saw that movie, Mr. Tanaka? I saw it last week, too. Wasn’t it great?
<div> 明日のコンサート、一緒に行くだろう。 </div>
<div> ~だろうwith a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Men use だろう, which is the informal of でしょう。In casual conversation the final う tends to drop. </div>
<br></br> You’re going with me to the concert tomorrow, right?
<div> 明日はほかの約束があるから、行かないって言ったでしょ。忘れたの? </div>
<div> ~でしょ is the shortened version of ~でしょう which with a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Women traditionally use でしょう (the polite version of だろう)and in casual conversation it is shortened to でしょ。 </div>
<br></br> I told you that I’ve already got plans, so I can’t go. Did you forget?
<div> 最近、若い人の間で言葉の使い方に変化がみられる。 </div>
<div> Nが見られる。 uses the passive form of 見る which is "be observed," and also "can observe/see." Directly means: (something) is observed; (one) can see/observe </div>
<br></br> You can see changed recently in the way young people are using language.
<div> 挨拶の仕方にも文化の違いがみられます。 </div>
<div> Nが見られる。 uses the passive form of 見る which is "be observed," and also "can observe/see." Directly means: (something) is observed; (one) can see/observe </div>
<br></br> One can observe cultural differences in the way people greet each other, too.
<div> これは、1年生の学生によく見られる間違いです。 </div>
<div> Nが見られる。 uses the passive form of 見る which is "be observed," and also "can observe/see." Directly means: (something) is observed; (one) can see/observe </div>
<br></br> This is a mistake that can often be observed among first year students.
<div> スポーツジムに行くようになってから、毎朝、早く起きるようになりました。 </div>
<div> V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "come to (be able to) </div>
<br></br> Since I started going to the gym, I’ve begun waking up early each morning.
<div> 日本人の友達ができてから、日本語が上手に話せるようになった。 </div>
<div> V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "come to (be able to) </div>
<br></br> Ever since making Japanese friends, I have come to be able to speak Japanese more skillfully.
<div> この日本語練習サイトを使うと、文法がもっとよくわかるようになるでしょう。 </div>
<div> V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "come to (be able to) </div>
<br></br> If you use this Japanese practice site, I think you’ll have a much better understanding of grammar.
<div> この子は赤ちゃんの頃はよく泣いていたが、4歳になって、あまり泣かないようになった。 </div>
<div> V.plain.nonpast.negative ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "Not V now;" Not V anymore" Vなくなる and Vないようになる are synonymous, but the latter indicates a more gradual change. </div>
<br></br> When he was a baby he used to cry a lot, but since he turned four he doesn’t cry so much any more.
<div> 話すようになる </div>
<div> V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "come to (be able to) </div>
<br></br> come to be able to speak
<div> 話さないようになる </div>
<div> V.plain.nonpast.negative ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "Not V now;" Not V anymore" Vなくなる and Vないようになる are synonymous, but the latter indicates a more gradual change. </div>
<br></br> come to not speak now/anymore.
<div> 父は病気になってから、お酒を飲まないようになった。 </div>
<div> V.plain.nonpast.negative ようになる。 indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "Not V now;" Not V anymore" Vなくなる and Vないようになる are synonymous, but the latter indicates a more gradual change. </div>
<br></br> Since father became ill, he has come to not drink sake anymore.
<div> 同じ漢字また間違えた。 </div>
<div> また また、S meaning: "again; once again" </div>
<br></br> I got the same kanji wrong again.
<div> 四国はとてもいいところだったから、また行きたいと思います。 </div>
<div> また また、S meaning: "again; once again" </div>
<br></br> Shikoku was really nice, so I think I’d like to go there again.
<div> また朝寝坊してしまって、また授業に遅れた。 </div>
<div> また また、S meaning: "again; once again" </div>
<br></br> I overslept again, and again I was late for class.
<div> この辞書は大学の本屋で買えます。また、図書館で借りることもできます。 </div>
<div> また また、S Meaning: "also; as well; additionally; moreover; in addition" </div>
<br></br> You can buy this dictionary at the university bookstore. You can also borrow it from the library.
<div> トマトはおいしいし、いろいろな料理に使える。また、体にもいい食べ物だ。 </div>
<div> また また、S Meaning: "also; as well; additionally; moreover; in addition" </div>
<br></br> Tomatoes are delicious and can be used in lots of different dishes. What’s more, they’re good for you, too.
<div> 海外旅行に行く前にパスポートを取る必要があります。 </div>
<div> V.plain.nonpast 必要がある。 Indicates the necessity of doing something. Meaning: "it is necessary to V;" "must V;" "have to V" </div>
<br></br> Before traveling overseas it is necessary to get a passport.
<div> 寮に住めば、食堂でご飯が食べられるから、自分で料理する必要はありません。 </div>
<div> V.plain.nonpast 必要がある。 Indicates the necessity of doing something. Meaning: "it is necessary to V;" "must V;" "have to V" </div>
<br></br> If you live in the dorms, you can eat at the cafeteria so you don’t need to cook on your own.
<div> 私の国では日本に旅行に行く時、旅行ビザを取る必要はない。 </div>
<div> V.nonpast.plain必要はない。 indicates the lack of necessity to do something. は is common with the negative ending. Meaning: "It is not necessary to V;" "there is no need to V;" "don't have to V." </div>
<br></br> As for my country, when traveling to Japan it is not necessary to get a travel Visa.
<div> 明日になっても犬が見つからない場合は、ペットレスキューセンターに探しに行きましょう。 </div>
<div> Nの場合(は/には) DemA(この、その、etc)場合 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion. </div>
<br></br> In case we don’t find the dog tomorrow, let’s go look for it at the pet rescue center.
<div> 東京に来る場合は、連絡してください。会いに行きますから。 </div>
<div> Nの場合(は/には) DemA(この、その、etc)場合 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion. </div>
<br></br> If you ever come to Tokyo, let me know. I’ll come and see you.
<div> 一人でするのが大変な場合は、クラスメートと一緒に宿題をしてもいいです。 </div>
<div> Nの場合(は/には) DemA(この、その、etc)場合 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion. </div>
<br></br> If it’s too difficult to do alone, it’s all right to work on your homework with your classmates.
<div> 雨の場合はテニスの試合はない。その場合、チケットは次の試合に使うことが出来る。 </div>
<div> Nの場合(は/には) DemA(この、その、etc)場合 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion. </div>
<br></br> If it rains there won’t be a tennis match. In that case, you can use your ticket for the next match.
<div> 火事や地震の場合には、エレベーターを使わないでください。 </div>
<div> Nの場合(は/には) DemA(この、その、etc)場合 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion. </div>
<br></br> In the event of a fire or an earthquake, please refrain from using the elevator.
<div> 分からない(時/場合)は、言って下さい。 </div>
<div> Vnonpast.plain場合(に/には) 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion. </div>
<br></br> If you don’t understand, please say so.
<div> 私が取っているのは、中国語ではなくて日本語です。 </div>
<div> N1(では/じゃ)なく(て)N2 N1/N2 could also be phrases. Is used to indicate a certain piece of info is wrong and, following that, provide the correct info. ではなくて is used in written language. じゃなくて is used in spoken language. </div>
<br></br> What I’m taking is Japanese, not Chinese.
<div> Q)ここですか。 A) いいえ、ここじゃなくて、あそこです。 </div>
<div> N1(では/じゃ)なく(て)N2 Is used to indicate a certain piece of info is wrong and, following that, provide the correct info. ではなくて is used in written language. じゃなくて is used in spoken language. </div>
<br></br> Q) Is it here? A) No, it isn’t here, it’s over there.
<div> 先生には、「じゃあ、また」ではなくて、「失礼します」と言わなくてはいけませんよ。 </div>
<div> N1(では/じゃ)なく(て)N2 Is used to indicate a certain piece of info is wrong and, following that, provide the correct info. ではなくて is used in written language. じゃなくて is used in spoken language. </div>
<br></br> You need to say “Shitsurei shimasu” to a teacher, not “Ja, mata”.
<div> これはアメリカについての本だが、英語ではなく、スペイン語で書かれている。 </div>
<div> N1(では/じゃ)なく(て)N2 Is used to indicate a certain piece of info is wrong and, following that, provide the correct info. ではなくて is used in written language. じゃなくて is used in spoken language. </div>
<br></br> This is a book about the US, but it’s written in Spanish, not English.
<div> 今日は、雪で授業を休んだ人が何人かいたそうです。 </div>
<div> 何+counter+か is the qualifier "some" </div>
<br></br> I heard that there were a few people who didn’t come to class today because of the snow.
<div> お土産にTシャツを何枚か買った。 </div>
<div> 何+counter+か is the qualifier "some" </div>
<br></br> I bought some shirts as souvenirs.
<div> 車を止めたかったら、私の家の前に何台か止めることができますから、どうぞ。 </div>
<div> 何+counter+か is the qualifier "some" </div>
<br></br> If you need a place to park, there’s space for a few cars in front of my house, so feel free to park there.
<div> おいしい日本のみかんをいくつかもらいました。 </div>
<div> いく+counter+か is the qualifier "some" Except for the words いくつ and いく人, いく is not commonly used in modern japanese. 何 cannot be used with つ。 </div>
<br></br> I received some japanese mandarin oranges.
<div> 忘れてしまった what is the condensed form? </div>
<div> ~てしまった。 is used to indicate the completion of an action OR the dissatisfaction of the speaker for having done something he/she knows he/she shouldn't have and will be in trouble for. </div>
<br></br> 忘れちゃった。
<div> 買っておいた What is the condensed form? </div>
<div> from ておく meaning to do in advance, or in preparation. </div>
<br></br> 買っといた。
<div> 飲んでしまう。 what is the condensed form? </div>
<div> 〜でしまう/しまった To do something unexpectedly, completely, or unfortunately (the last meaning here) </div>
<br></br> 飲んじゃう。
<div> 見せてあげる。 What is the condensed form? </div>
<div> ~てあげる。 to give, allow, let. (let someone see(something). </div>
<br></br> 見せたげる。
<div> このクラスにはキムさんの他に(も)韓国語が出来る学生がありますか。 </div>
<div> Nの他に(も)~~ is an adverbial phrase meaning "in addition to N" or "besides" </div>
<br></br> Are there any students in this class besides Kim who can speak Korean?
<div> 日本語には、砕けた話し方のほかに敬語もあって、大変だ。 </div>
<div> Nの他に(も)~~ is an adverbial phrase meaning "in addition to N" or "besides" </div>
<br></br> In Japanese, in addition to casual speech there’s also keigo, so (learning Japanese is) pretty hard.
<div> 日本では、日本語を勉強する他に、色々な所に旅行にも行きたいと思っています。 </div>
<div> Vの他に(も)~~ is an adverbial phrase meaning "in addition to V-ing" or "besides V-ing" </div>
<br></br> In Japan, I am thinking I want to travel to various places in addition to studying Japanese.
<div> 夏休みに大学の夏のコースを取った。その他にも、バイトをしたり、日本に行ったりした。 </div>
<div> (その/あの/この)他に(も)~~ is an adverbial phrase that means "in addition to ~" or "besides ~~" </div>
<br></br> Over summer break I took university summer school courses. In addition to that, I did stuff like work my part-time job and go to Japan.
<div> 週末は宿題がたくさんあったので、勉強の他(に)は何も出来なかった。 </div>
<div> (V/N/Adj/DemA)〜他(に)は(〜ない). An adverbial phrase meaning "(not~) except for~," or "(not~) other than ~" </div>
<br></br> I had a lot of homework over the weekend, so I couldn’t do anything other than study.
<div> 今日は授業に出るほかは、何も予定がない。 </div>
<div> (V/N/Adj/DemA)〜他(に)は(〜ない). An adverbial phrase meaning "(not~) except for~," or "(not~) other than ~" </div>
<br></br> Aside from attending the class, I don’t have any plans today.
<div> 今、私が住んでいるアパートの広さは、この部屋と同じぐらいです。 </div>
<div> Nと同じぐらい〜 means "about the same ~ as N" </div>
<br></br> Right now, the apartment I’m living in is about the same size as this room.
<div> 今度住むアパートは、この部屋と同じぐらいの広さです。 </div>
<div> N1と同じくらい/ぐらいN2 </div>
<br></br> This time, the apartment I’m living in and this room are about the same size.
<div> 東京の物価はニューヨークと同じぐらい高い。 </div>
<div> Nと同じぐらい〜 means "about the same ~ as N" </div>
<br></br> Prices in Tokyo are about as high as they are in New York.
<div> そのロボットは人間と同じぐらい上手に自転車に乗れる。 </div>
<div> Nと同じぐらい〜 means "about the same ~ as N" </div>
<br></br> That robot can ride a bike about as well as a human can.
<div> 田中君は僕たちと同じぐらいの年だと思うよ。 </div>
<div> N1と同じくらい/ぐらいN2 </div>
<br></br> I think Tanaka-kun is about the same age as we are.
<div> ドラえモンは実はネコ型ロボットなんです。 </div>
<div> Nの型だ。 Means "N-shape/style/pattern; make; model; design" </div>
<br></br> Doraemon is, in reality, a cat shaped robot.
<div> 私の血液型はAです。 </div>
<div> Nの型だ。 Means "N-shape/style/pattern; make; model; design" </div>
<br></br> My blood type is A.
<div> 父は1950年型のキャデラックのクラシックカーを持っている。 </div>
<div> N1型(の)N2 Means N1 (style;pattern;shape;make;model;design) N2 </div>
<br></br> My dad has a 1950 model classic Cadillac.
<div> 私の血液型はA型ですが、母はAB型で父は0型、弟はB型です。 </div>
<div> Nの型だ。 Means "N-shape/style/pattern; make; model; design" </div>
<br></br> My blood type is A, but my mother’s is AB, my father’s is 0 and my little brother’s is B.
<div> 新型のインフルエンザのワクチンは、まだないそうだ。 </div>
<div> N1型(の)N2 Means N1 (style;pattern;shape;make;model;design) N2 </div>
<br></br> I heard they don’t have a vaccine for the new strain of influenza yet.
<div> 大阪、京都、それに奈良にも行った。 </div>
<div> N1(、/と/に)N2、それにN3 Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement. Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and </div>
<br></br> I went to Osaka, Kyoto, in addition to Nara.
<div> 日本の夏はとても暑い。それに湿度も高い。 </div>
<div> S1.それに、S2。 Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement. Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and </div>
<br></br> Japan’s summers are very sultry. Furthermore, the humidity is also high.
<div> 日本語を勉強し始めた時、ひらがなとカタカナ、それに漢字を覚えなくてはいけなかったので、とても大変だった。でも、やめなくてよかった。 </div>
<div> S1.それに、S2。 Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement. Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and </div>
<br></br> When I first started studying Japanese, I had to memorize Hiragana, Katakana, and then kanji, so it was really hard. I’m glad I didn’t give up, though.
<div> ステーキにサラダ、それにライスもお願いします。 </div>
<div> S1.それに、S2。 Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement. Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and </div>
<br></br> I’d like a steak, a salad and some rice as well, please.
<div> このアパートは明るくて広い。それに、学校も近い。 </div>
<div> S1.それに、S2。 Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement. Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and </div>
<br></br> This apartment is light and spacious. On top of that, it’s close to the school.
<div> そのアルバイトはあまり大変じゃないし、それに給料もいい。 </div>
<div> S1し、それに S2。 Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement. Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and </div>
<br></br> That part-time job isn’t very difficult, moreover the salary is good.
<div> あの人が来るのなら、私は帰ります。 </div>
<div> S1のならS2 is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation. NOTE, that the action/event in S1 does not have to take place before S2. </div>
<br></br> If it’s true that person is coming as you say, I’m leaving (now before he comes).
<div> トムが行くなら、私も行きます。 </div>
<div> S1ならS2。 is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. NOTE, that the action/event in S1 does not have to take place before S2. </div>
<br></br> If Tom is going to the party, I’l go, too.
<div> 明日なら大丈夫です。 </div>
<div> N(の)なら〜。 Means: If it is N, ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation. </div>
<br></br> If it’s tomorrow, I can make it.
<div> 日本語なら読めます。 </div>
<div> Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation. </div>
<br></br> I could read Japanese.
<div> 友達が迎えに来たら、私は帰ります。 </div>
<div> S1たらS2。 When たら is used, as opposed to (の)なら, S1 must be completed before S2. </div>
<br></br> If/when my friend comes to pick me up, I will leave.
<div> 車を運転するのなら、お酒を飲んではいけません。 </div>
<div> Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation. </div>
<br></br> If you’re going to drive, you can’t drink.
<div> 私の彼女が好きなら、付き合ってくれるように頼んでみたらどうですか。 </div>
<div> Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation. </div>
<br></br> If you like her, why don’t you just ask her if she’ll go out with you?
<div> 寒いのなら、セーターを着たらどうですか。 </div>
<div> Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation. </div>
<br></br> Why don’t you put on a sweater if you’re cold?
<div> チェックは使えませんが、クレジットカードなら使えます。 </div>
<div> Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation. </div>
<br></br> You can’t use a check, but you can use a credit card.
<div> すみません、2時はちょっと。3時ならできますけど。 </div>
<div> Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation. </div>
<br></br> I’m sorry, 2 o’clock won’t work for me. I could at 3, though.
<div> 日本に行くのなら、JRパスを買っておいたほうがいいですよ。 </div>
<div> Nなら〜。 Means: would/could ~ is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation. </div>
<br></br> If you’re going to Japan, you’d better get a JR pass beforehand.
<div> 姫路城は日本で最も美しいお城の一つとして知られています。 </div>
<div> Nとして Means: as; in the capacity of used to indicate the role, capacity, or occupation of someone or the function or characteristics of something. </div>
<br></br> Himejijyou castle is known as one of Japan’s most beautiful castles.
<div> この携帯電話は、電話をするだけでなく、カメラとしても使える。 </div>
<div> Nとして Means: as; in the capacity of used to indicate the role, capacity, or occupation of someone or the function or characteristics of something. </div>
<br></br> Not only can you use this cell phone to make calls, you can also use it as a camera.
<div> 私は来週、学校の代表としてスピーチコンテストに出ます。 </div>
<div> Nとして Means: as; in the capacity of used to indicate the role, capacity, or occupation of someone or the function or characteristics of something. </div>
<br></br> Next week, I’m participating ina speech contest as the representative from my school.
<div> 私の友達は、フランスでファッションモデルとして働いています。 </div>
<div> Nとして Means: as; in the capacity of used to indicate the role, capacity, or occupation of someone or the function or characteristics of something. </div>
<br></br> My friend works in France as a fashion modle.
<div> 毎日、新しい漢字を五つ覚えることにしている。 </div>
<div> V-plain.nonpastことにしている。 Indicates THE SPEAKER (or the subject of the sentence) makes it a rule to do something. </div>
<br></br> I make it a rule to memorize 5 new kanji a day.
<div> 私のアパートでは、ペットを飼ってはいけないことになっています。 </div>
<div> V-nonpast.plain ことになっている。 Means: "be supposed to ~;" It is a rule that ~; It's been decided that~ means that something has been decided and the result of the decision is still in effect. It is often used to introduce rules or customs, as well as one's schedule. </div>
<br></br> It is a rule at my apartment that you cannot keep pets.
<div> 授業を休むときは先生に連絡しなくてはいけないことになっているが、忘れてしまった。 </div>
<div> V-nonpast.plain ことになっている。 Means: "be supposed to ~;" It is a rule that ~; It's been decided that~ means that something has been decided and the result of the decision is still in effect. It is often used to introduce rules or customs, as well as one's schedule. </div>
<br></br> We’re supposed to let the teacher know if we’re going to miss a class, but I forgot.
<div> 私の家では食事の後、自分がつかったお皿を洗うことになっている。 </div>
<div> V-nonpast.plain ことになっている。 Means: "be supposed to ~;" It is a rule that ~; It's been decided that~ means that something has been decided and the result of the decision is still in effect. It is often used to introduce rules or customs, as well as one's schedule. </div>
<br></br> At my house, the rule is that you wash your own place after a meal.
<div> ゾウは長い鼻をしています。それに、耳も大きいです。 </div>
<div> N1 は Adj+N2 をしている。 This form is used to describe a feature of someone or something, focusing on a certain part or attribute of the person or thing. Synonyous with N1はN2が Adj. </div>
<br></br> Elephants have long noses. Furthermore, they have big ears.
<div> このオペラ歌手は、本当にきれいな声をしていますね。 </div>
<div> N1 は Adj+N2 をしている。 This form is used to describe a feature of someone or something, focusing on a certain part or attribute of the person or thing. Synonyous with N1はN2が Adj. </div>
<br></br> This opera singer has a really pretty voice, don’t you think?
<div> フレンチブルドッグは短い足をした犬だ。それに、面白い顔をしている。 </div>
<div> N1 は Adj+N2 をしている。 This form is used to describe a feature of someone or something, focusing on a certain part or attribute of the person or thing. Synonyous with N1はN2が Adj. </div>
<br></br> French bulldogs have short legs. They also have funny faces.
<div> 蛇のような形をした、泳ぐことができるロボットがあるそうだ。 </div>
<div> N1 は Adj+N2 をしている。 This form is used to describe a feature of someone or something, focusing on a certain part or attribute of the person or thing. Synonyous with N1はN2が Adj. </div>
<br></br> I heard that there is a robot that is shaped like a snake and can swim.