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Japanese verb forms > Tobira 2 > Flashcards

Tobira 2 Flashcards

1
Q

~し　~し

Meaning? Form? Particles?

A

Mentioning several reasons. Uses plain forms, and だ with な-adjectives. (便利だし、。。。) Particle も can be used to reinforce the meaning / put emphasis (私は歌も上手だし、。。。)

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2
Q

ために

Meaning? Form? Particles?

A

Meaning “for the purpose/benefit of…”
Any form, but if it’s a noun before ために、use の。

家族のために、よく勉強します。

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3
Q

だけ

Meaning? Form? Particles?

A

Meaning “only”.

Used with a noun, counter or PLAIN form verb.

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4
Q

週にｘ回/ｘ円

Meaning? Form? Particles?

A

Meaning how many times something occurs in a week, or how much something costs a week. Can also be used other durations like 年日月..

*に NOT used with 毎日 (when using 毎).

週に3回運動します
毎週3回運動します

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5
Q

Particles に/を (in/out)

How do we know which one to use?

A

に is used when entering something, を is used when going out from something. Bus, club, school admission, school graduation etc.

去年、大学に入学しました。
来年、大学を卒業します。
バスに乗ります。
バスを降ります。

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6
Q

xてから

Meaning? Form? Particles?

A

Meaning the action of the second sentence (after てから) takes place AFTER the first sentence - sentence 2 is done after the completion of sentence 1.
食べてからお皿を洗ってくれ

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7
Q

ｘとき

Meaning? Form? Particles?

A

Used to describe when something happens, or something happened. Can be used after noun+の, い-adjectives, な-adjectives and plain form verbs.

If used with present tense, it kind of describes a habit or what you do when something happens. “When it’s cold, I wear a sweater” etc.
寒いとき、セーターを着ます。
When used with past tense, you talk about something that happened in the past - and if that is the case, the subject is marked with が.
(私は) 家族が日本に来た時、一緒に京都に行きました。

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8
Q

ｘたら

Meaning? Form? Particles?

A

Means “if” or “when”. Use -ta form.

When class is over, come see me
授業が終わったら、ちょっと来てください

When sentence 2 is used in past tense, it means that it was a surprise or unexpected.
When I went to the cafeteria, my friend was eating!
食堂に行ったら、友達が食べていました。

Basically means “if”, but remember it can also mean “when”!!

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9
Q

まだｘていない/もうｘした

Meaning?

A

まだｘていない means “still haven’t…”
もうｘした means “already…”

まだ食べていない = I haven't eaten yet
もう食べた = I have already eaten
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10
Q

Noun modification

Form? Particles?

A

Plain forms before the noun. When the particle は is used in a sentence to modify the noun, it’s changed to が。This is NOT the case with ANY other particles.
私の本
私が買った本

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11
Q

ｘ過ぎる

Meaning? Form? Particles?

A

Means “too much”. Form is verb stem, replace い in い-adjectives, and replace な in な-acjectives.

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12
Q

ｘなら

Meaning? Form? Particles?

A

Means “if”, but in a “if it’s x you’re talking about…” kind of way. Like, used in “This week I’m a bit busy, but next week…”
“ 今週はちょっと。。。でも、来週なら。。。！”

Uses plain forms.

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13
Q

Question word + か、も、でも
どちらも
Difference? Meanings?

A

か = Some
も = No
でも = Any
…thing/where/body

誰もいない = There is no one.

どちらも means both or neither, in an affirmative or negative sentence respectively.

When Question-word + か、も、でも is used in a question sentence, the answer should begin with はい、いいえ。

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14
Q

て/で form Reason

When can you use it?

A
  1. With verbs and adjectives which express feelings, ex. びっくりする、困る、さびしい、ざんねんな、すみません etc.
    テレビのニュースを聞いて、びっくりしました。
  2. When expressing a state before NEGATIVE POTENTIAL verbs. When you like describe why you can’t do something, when the reason is that something is in a certain state.
    このコーヒーはあつくて、飲めません。
    食べ過ぎて、もう食べられません。
  3. When the reason is a natural phenomena, happening, event etc, like an accident:
    事故があって、電車が遅れました。
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15
Q

ｘところ

Meaning? Form? Particles?

A

Used when an action is just about to be completed, is being completed, or has been completed. “Just”. Plain form. “I am just about to eat”, “I am just now eating”, “I just ate”.
これから食べるところです。
今食べているところです。
さっきご飯を食べたところです。

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16
Q

見える/聞こえる

Meaning? Particles?

A

Means being able to be seen or heard. Uses particle が。

ここから海が見えます。

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17
Q

ｘそうだ

Meaning? Form? Particles?

A

Two uses
1. Means “looks like”. Used only when the speaker directly observes the situation. With this use, you use verb stem, and cut off い/な。
このケーキは美味しそうです。

  1. If used with plain form or without cutting off い/だ/だ (can also be used with nouns here), it means that you are conveying information for another source. Used for example when you say “xxx said that yyy…” Commonly used to convey weather forecasts etc, and with “ｘによると。。。 “ which means “according to x, …”.
    天気予報のよると、明日は雨が降るそうです。
    (てんきよほう)
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18
Q

ｘないで

Meaning?

A

Means doing an action without doing another action.

さとうを入れないで、コーヒーを飲みます。

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19
Q

ｘている

Meaning?

A 
Resultative verbs. When a state is continous. Like being married, or working some place, or wearing glasses.
メガネをかけている。
けっこんしている。
会社につとめている。
Toyotaで働いている。
20
Q

ｘて行く

Meaning? Particles?

A

Means to go somewhere to do something.

銀行でお金をおろして行きました。
I went to the bank to withdraw money.
Notice there is no “に” tied to this (unless required because of other circumstances).

21
Q

ｘて来る

Meaning? Particles?

A

Means to do something and come back.
Maybe where 行って来ます comes from?

海を見て来ます。
I am going to see the ocean and come back.
Notice there is no “に” tied to this (unless required because of other circumstances).

22
Q

でしょう/だろう

Meaning? Form?

A

Two uses. Plain form.

Rising intonation: “Right?” kind of thing, used when you state something you think the listener is going to agree with.

Downward intonation: Express the probability of something. Can’t be used about yourself, but used a lot in for example weather forecasts. Used with きっと means more probability, 多分 with less.

明日雨が降るでしょう。

23
Q

て-form + しまう (しまいました)

Meaning?

A

Expresses an action that already has been completed. Also can convey a speaker’s feeling of embarassment or regret.
かばんをわすれてしまいました。

24
Q

Question word + た-form verb + らいいですか

Meaning?

A

Used when asking for information. “Where is it good to…”?

チケットは、どこで買ったらいいですか。

25
Q

て-form of intransitive verb + いる

Meaning? Particle?

A

Expresses that the state continues after the change takes place. Particle が。
電気が消えている.

26
Q

ｘかもしれない

Meaning? Form?

A

Means “maybe”, or that there is a possibility that something will happen or has happened. This CAN be used with yourself, unlike でしょう.

私は、東京へ行くかもしれません。
I may go to Tokyo.

27
Q

Quoting a question sentence, か/かどうか

Meaning? Particles? Example?

A

かどうか is used for yes/no questions.
か is used for any other questions (where, what, when…)

Subject は Victim に Question sentence かどうか聞きました
Like that. Subject asked victim if 何. 聞きました at the end.

The particle は is changed to が if it’s used in the statement/initial question, as subject now changes to whoever asks (Subject は…).

Uses plain form, or, well whatever form you would use when asking a normal question. ひまか？ etc.
な-adj and nouns have no だ/な.

28
Q

ｘと思う

Meaning? Form?

A

Used to state what you think or your opinion.
Uses plain form.

Often used with について in question sentences etc, which means “about”. 大学について、どうと思いますか。

29
Q

ｘく/に　なる

Meaning? Form?

A

Means “to become”. Can’t be used with verbs. But koto maybe?
く-form of い-adjectives
な-adjectives and nouns use に

静かになります。
先生になります。

30
Q

What particle is used when giving directions? E.g. “walk straight down this road”. What about turning corners?

A

を。
この道をまっすぐ行ってください。

Turning uses に、but you still use を when talking about the corner.
この道をまっすぐ行って、次の角を左に曲がってください。

31
Q

Counter + 目

Meaning? Particles?

A

Indicated the order of things. 二つ目 means the second thing in an order, for example 二つ目の理由。
If you use it with a noun, use the particle の。
左から二つ目のたてものです。

32
Q

Sentence と Sentence

Meaning? Form?

A

Means if the first sentence happens, the second one will inevitably happen. Doesn’t necessarily have to have a strong meaning though:
If you take a left, you can see the station.
左まがると、駅が見える。
Uses plain form.

33
Q

まだｘている

Meaning?

A

Means “still”. An action or state or whatever that continues until now. “He is still a teacher” etc.

34
Q

もう て-form verb いない

Meaning?

A

Means “no longer” or “not anymore”.

もう食べられない。 I can’t eat anymore.
もう勉強していません。 Not studying anymore.

35
Q

て- form of transitive verb + ある

Meaning?

A

Transitive verbs are verbs that has a subject doing something. Therefore, this means that something is in a state because someone did it on purpose.

エアコンがつかてあります。 The air condition is on (because someone turned it on)

Cannot be used with resultative verbs such as wearing things or working places etc. Cause it’s too obvious, would sound dumb. “He is working there on purpose”. “He is wearing the hat on purpose”, like yeah, well, obviously…

This is with transitive verbs. Intransitive verbs uses いる.

Uses が。

36
Q

た-form verb + あとで

Meaning? Particles? Form?

A

Means “after, or that the second sentence or verb occurs after the first one. Can be used with nouns as well, with particle の.

しごとあとで、晩御飯を食べませんか。
運動した後で、シャワーをあびます。

37
Q

ｘはずだ。

Meaning? Form?

A

Describes the speaker’s judgement on grounds of some information he has, and means “if my interpretation is correct, it should be…” kind of thing.

9時にここをしゅっぱつすれば、10時に家に着くはずです。If you leave here at 9, you should get home by 10.
Uses plain form, の with nouns.

Cannot be used when talking about yourself.

38
Q

ｘながら

Meaning? Form?

A

Used when describing doing two actions at the same time. The second action is the main action.

Uses verb stem.

携帯電話を使いながら、運転しなさい。

39
Q

ｘつもりだ

Meaning? Form?

A

Means that you intend to do something, a bit more strongly than using volitional form + 思っている。

Uses plain form.

来年、私は別府市に引っ越すつもりです。
I intend to move to Beppu next year.

ｘないつもり means intend to not do something (obviously).

40
Q

ｘことになる

Meaning? Form?

A

Means that something has been decided. No plans. Decided.
ｘないことになる means to decide to not do something (obviously).

Uses plain form.

国へ帰らないことになりました。It has been decided that I will not going back to my country / I am not going back to my country (already decided).

41
Q

ｘやすい/にくい

Meaning? Form?

A

Means that it’s easy or hard (respectively) to do something (verb).

Uses verb stem.

このアパートは住みやすいです。
This apartment is easy to live in.

42
Q

Noun + でも

Meaning?

A

Adding でも after a noun means “or something”. Often used to invite people out etc.
コーヒーでも飲みませんか。
Why don’t we drink coffee or something?
コーヒーでもいかがですか。
How about a cup of coffee (or some similar kind of drink?)

43
Q

Giving and receiving
When is which verbs used?
Honorific forms of those verbs?

A

私に = くれる. When someone gives something to you, and the subject is(or would be if omitted) YOU.
友達はチョコレートをくれました。My friend gave me a chocolate. The subject is omitted, but would be 私に, as くれました is used.

あげる is used when you give something to someone else, or someone gives something to someone else (dont use this towards yourself)

もらう is used if the subject is the receiver, and not the giver.

HONORIFIC USE
くださいます、さしあげます、いただきます。

When a superior gives something to you or a family member (NOT FRIENDS ETC), use くださいます。

When you give something to a superior, use さしあげます。

When you receive something from a superior, use いただきます。

Remember that さしあげます is only used when the gesture is between a superior and (you or family), not like a friend or someone else. Then you just use あげます。

Honorifics are not used within the family.

44
Q

て-form verb + giving/receiving

Meaning?

A

Using て-form verb plus くれます、あげます or もらいます means that the act (the て-form verb) was done as a favor or a kind action, a gesture.

私は、友達に引っ越しをてつだってもらいました。
My friend helped me moving (and so I am thankful).
Literally read, “I had my friend help me moving and I am grateful.”

45
Q

Comparison

A

Use より
XはYより安いです。
XとYとどちらが安いですか。
Xのほうが安いです。

Japanese verb forms (3 decks)

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