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ESA1 Emily > TOB > Flashcards

TOB Flashcards

0
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

Removal of a small piece of tissue from an organ for microscopic investigation

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1
Q

Define histology

A

Study of the structure of cells by means of staining and light microscopy techniques

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2
Q

Why is a tissue fixed?

A

Prevent autolysis and putrefaction

Maintain cross-linked macromolecules

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3
Q

Outline the process of tissue fixation

A 
Dancing xylophones ecstatically sway randomly. Swaying demands men.
Dehydration using ethanol 
Xylene used to wash 
Embedded in wax
Sectioned 
Rehydrated
Stained 
Dehydration again 
Mount specimen on a slide
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4
Q

Define epithelia

A

Sheets of contiguous cells, of varied embryonic origin which cover the external surface of the body and line internal surfaces

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5
Q

What are the main features of the basement membrane?

A

Thin, flexible, acellular layer which lies between epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue layer. Acting as a strong layer that epithelial cells can adhere to and a cellular and molecular filter

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6
Q

Mesothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium lining body cavities

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7
Q

Sites of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Kidney tubules
Thyroid follicles
Pancreatic duct

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8
Q

How is cilia structure related to function?

A

Numerous mitochondria for ATP synthesis to allow synchronous peristaltic waves.

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9
Q

Describe and explain the importance of glycosylation in the Golgi

A

O linked glycosylation of proteins by glycosyl transferase with addition of branching sugars to produce glycocalyx of cell membrane.

Needed for-
Adhesion to substrates and neighbouring cells
Mobility of cells
Communication with neighbouring cells

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10
Q

What is produced by exocrine pancreas?

A

Pancreatic amylase, lipase, trypsinogen (trypsin zymogen)

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11
Q

Define mucous membrane

Give examples

A

Membrane lining surfaces opening to the exterior, consisting of epithelia and lamina propria.
Example of place it is found is alimentary tract (where there is also a layer of smooth muscle- muscularis mucosae)

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12
Q

Define serous membrane

A

Lines internal body cavities not opening to the exterior. Consists of simple squamous epithelia and a thin layer of connective tissue which carries blood vessels and nerves and connects epithelia to adjacent tissues

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13
Q

Where are the plicae circulares found?

What are they?

A

Found in jejunum

Circular folds projecting into lumen of the small intestine

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14
Q

What are the layers of muscularis externa found in the bladder?

A

Inner- circular
Middle- longitudinal
Outer- oblique

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15
Q

What 3 components make up cell cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

16
Q

What are the three functions of plasma membrane?

A

Selective permeability
Cell morphology and movement
Transport of substances

17
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Digestion of cell debris and waste material

Fuse with material requiring digestion and then secrete hydrolytic enzymes

18
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Ribosome assembly and RNA modification

19
Q

Define connective tissue

A

Forms a continuum throughout the body which links muscle, nerve and epithelial tissue in a supportive, structural, metabolic and physical way

20
Q

5 types of connective tissue

A 
Blood
Cartilage
Bone 
Adipose
Fibrocollagenous
21
Q

Resident cells of connective tissue

A

Macrophages digest foreign material and are professional antigen presenting cells (inflammation)
Fibroblasts secrete amorphous extracellular matrix and fibres within it (mainly collagen)
Mesenchyme- undifferentiated cells which maintain extracellular matrix

22
Q

Visitant cells in connective tissue

A

Mast cells surround blood vessels and secrete heparin and histamine
Adipocytes
leukocytes production of immunocompetent cells
Plasma cells derived from lymphocytes

23
Q

Name the 4 different types of loose connective tissue

A

Mucous (whartons jelly)
Adipose
Areolar
reticular

24
Q

Causes of variation in the macroscopic appearance of the skin

A

Gender
Age
Ethnicity

25
Q

What are melanocytes

A

Dendritic cells of neural crest origin which secrete melanin.
Found in basal lamina layer of epidermis

26
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A

Dendritic cells of bone marrow origin which are antigen presenting
Found in prickle cell layer of epidermis

27
Q

Describe the process of keratinocytes differentiation

A

Basal layer- keratinocytes produced by Mitotic division
Prickle layer- terminal differentiation and loss of ability to divide
Granular layer- plasma membrane lost and corneocytes produced
Horny layer- corneocytes produced die to form outer layer
Takes 30-40 days

28
Q

What structure is found in granular layer?

A

Keratohyalin granules

29
Q

What 3 things does the dermis consist of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue
Skin appendages (e.g. Hair follicles, nails, sweat glands)
Immediate subcutaneous fat

30
Q

What is psoriasis

A

Disorder of epidermal growth and differentiation
Associated with extreme proliferation of basal layer and therefore gross thickening or prickle cell layer.
Excessive production of stratum corneum leads to scaling

31
Q

Function of bone

A

Mineral storage
Support
Haemopoiesis

32
Q

What cells are found in bone and what are their functions?

A

Osteoblast- produce osteoid matrix
Osteoclasts- digest bone (derived from monocytes)
Osteoprogenitor cells- produces osteoblasts
Osteocytes- maintain bone (produced from osteoblasts which are contained in osteoid)

33
Q

Outline process of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Primary ossification centre forms in diaphysis
    Central cartilage calcifies and nutrient artery penetrates to supply osteogenic cells with blood supply
  2. Secondary ossification centre forms in epiphysis and medulla becomes cancellous bone and cartilage forms epiphyseal growth plates.
  3. Epiphyses ossify and growth plates move away from each other, lengthening bone
  4. Epiphyseal growth plates replicated by bone but hyaline articulating cartilage remains

ESA1 Emily (3 decks)

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