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ESA1 > ToB 10 Skin > Flashcards

ToB 10 Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main variations in the macroscopic structure of human skin?

A

1) Colour
2) Hair
3) Laxity/wrinkling

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2
Q

What are the 4 main factors which influence the presence of hair on skin?

A

1) Site (palm vs back of hand)
2) Ethnicity
3) Sex
4) Age

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3
Q

What are the 2 main factors which influence the presence of laxity/wrinkling of skin?

A

1) Site

2) Age/ultraviolet

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4
Q

What are the 3 main factors which influence the presence of colour in skin?

A

1) Ethnicity
2) Ultraviolet
3) Site

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5
Q

What is the name given to the condition caused by autoimmune depigmentation?

A

Vitiligo

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6
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

An autoimmune condition that results in depigmentation of skin

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7
Q

What is the name given to the condition caused by autoimmune hair loss?

A

Alopecia areata

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8
Q

What is Alopecia areata?

A

An autoimmune condition that results in hair loss

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9
Q

What is the main cause of skin ageing/wrinkling?

A

UV-induced damage to dermal collagen and elastin

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10
Q

Compare the thickness’ of the dermis vs epidermis:

A

The dermis is much thicker than the epidermis.

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11
Q

Give a main use of animal dermis:

A

Leather production

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12
Q

How many layers male up the epidermis?

A

4

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13
Q

Name the 4 layers of the epidermis, in order from outer layer to inner:

A

1) Stratum corneum
2) Stratum granulosum / granular layer
3) Stratum spinosum / Prickle-cell layer
4) Basal layer

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14
Q

Name the outer-most layer of the epidermis:

A

Stratum corneum

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15
Q

Name the layer of the epidermis inbetween the stratum corneum and stratum spinosum:

A

Stratum granulosum

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16
Q

Name the inner-most layer of the epidermis:

A

Basal layer

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17
Q

What is another name of the stratum spinosum?

A

Prickle-cell layer

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18
Q

Describe the location of the stratum spinosum:

A

Above the basal layer, below the stratum granulosum.

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19
Q

What lies beneath the basal layer of the epidermis?

A

Dermis

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20
Q

Why are the epidermis and dermis interdigitated?

A

To help prevent the shearing of layers

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21
Q

What is the main cell type within the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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22
Q

In which layer of the epidermis does keratinocyte mitosis occur?

A

Mainly in basal layer

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23
Q

In which layer of the epidermis does terminal differentiation of the keratinocytes begin?

A

Prickle cell layer / Stratum spinosum

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24
Q

What do Keratinocytes synthesise?

A

Keratins

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25
Q

What are Keratins?

A

Heterodimeric fibrous proteins which give strength to structures

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26
Q

What gives the epidermis its strength?

A

Keratin, synthesised by the keratinocytes

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27
Q

What gives the ‘prickle cell layer’ its name?

A

The cells in this layer are joined by many prickle-like desmosomes, which are easily viewed at high power microscopy.

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28
Q

What changes occur as cells migrate through the granular layer?

A
  • Keratinocytes ose their phosholipid bilayer plasma membrane
  • Keratinocytes begin differentiating into corneocytes
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29
Q

What is the name of the main cells of the stratum corneum?

A

Corneocytes

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30
Q

What are keratohyalin granules, and where are they located?

A 
Aggregations of:
- Keratins
- Other fibrous proteins
- Enzymes which degrade the phospholipid bilayer
- Enxymes which cross-link protein
Found in granular layer of epidermis
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31
Q

Why does the granular layer of the epidermis appear darker than the other layers?

A

It contains keratohyalin granules, which are dense aggregations

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32
Q

What is the transit time of a keratinocyte from the basal layer to stratum corneum?

A

30-40 days / 4-6 weeks

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33
Q

Name 2 types of cells which are present in the epidermis, other than keratinocytes:

A

1) Melanocytes

2) Langerhans cells

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34
Q

What type of cells are melanocytes, and what is their origin?

A

Dendritic cells, from neural crest origin

35
Q

Where and how often are melanocytes present in the epidermis?

A

Present in the basal layer of the epidermis, at a constant interval of 1 in 8 cells

36
Q

What is the main pigment which gives skin its colour?

A

Melanin

37
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

To produce Melanin

38
Q

What results in the different skin colours of some people?

A

Their melanocytes in their epidermis produce more or less melanin. More melanin = darker skin

39
Q

What type of cells are Langerhans cells. and what is their origin?

A

Dendritic cells, from bone marrow

40
Q

Where are Langerhans cells located in the epidermis?

A

Scattered throughout prickle-cell layer / stratum spinosum

41
Q

What is the main function of Langerhans cells?

A

To mediate immune reactions, as they are professional antigen-presenting cells, allowing them to present antigens to T lymphocytes.

42
Q

Which type of cell would be responsible for a dermatitis allergic reaction?

A

Langerhans cells

43
Q

How does melanin protect your epidermal cells?

A

It lies on top of the nucleus, on the sunny side, protecting the genetic material of the cell and reducing mutations occurring due to UV.

44
Q

What are 3 unusual factors of palmar skin, compared to other skin areas?

A

1) Thick stratum corneum
2) Very thick prickle cell layer
3) No hair follicles

45
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

A skin disorder characterised by extreme proliferation of the epidermal basal layer, with increased differentiation leading to thickening of prickle cell layer and stratum corneum, causing excessive scaling.

46
Q

In which skin disorder is the life span of a keratinocyte reduced from 4-6 weeks, to 1 week?

A

Psoriasis

47
Q

How does Psoriasis affect the life span of a keratinocyte?

A

Reduced from 4-6 weeks, to 1 week

48
Q

What is the cause of Psoriasis?

A

Cause unknown, but is a genetic disorder, and is a type of autoimmune disease.

49
Q

What type of cells mediate ‘allergic contact dermatitis’?

A

Langerhans cells

50
Q

How do Langerhans cells mediate allergic contact dermatitis?

A

Langerhans cells are professional antigen-presenting cells, presenting them to T lymphocytes, causing immune response

51
Q

Name 4 disorders of the epidermis:

A

1) Psoriasis
2) Malignant melanoma
3) Allergic contact dermatitis
4) Vitiligo

52
Q

What happens to melanocytes with age?

A

Melanocytes in hair follicles often stop functioning with age, but not in the epidermis

53
Q

What is a malignant melanoma?

A

An aggressive, invasive tumour of melanocytes

54
Q

What signs may indicate that a mole has become a melanoma?

A
  • Change in shape - creating an irregular edge
  • Getting bigger
  • Change in colour - getting darker or multi-shaded
  • Loss of symmetry
  • Bleeding/crusting
  • Look inflamed
  • Itching
55
Q

What stain best visualises the epidermal basement membrane?

A

Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)

56
Q

What is associated with a good prognosis in melanoma?

A

The retention of the malignant melanocytes ABOVE the epidermal basement membrane.

57
Q

The extracellular matrix of the dermis is synthesised by which cells?

A

Fibroblasts

58
Q

Which 2 types of fibres make up the bulk of the dermis?

A

1) Collagen fibres

2) Elastin fibres

59
Q

What is ‘Solar elastosis’?

A

Damage to elastin fibres due to excessive UV exposure

60
Q

What are scars mainly made from?

A

Collagen fibres

61
Q

What is keloid scarring?

A

Excessive scar production, which become lumpy and may grow larger than the wound

62
Q

What type of blood vessels are present in the dermis?

A

Mainly capillaries, but also small venules and arterioles in the superficial dermis. Larger blood vessels are present in deeper dermis.

63
Q

What causes vascular birthmarks?

A

Malformation of dermal blood vessels

64
Q

What is characteristic about a mast cell when viewed at high power (and stained)?

A

Contains many cytoplasmic granules

65
Q

What do the granules within a mast cell contain?

A

Histamine

66
Q

Why is it important that mast cells are concentrated around the dermal blood vessels?

A

When activated, ie by immediate allergic reactions, can release histamine directly into bloodstream, leading to inflammation and oedema (immune response)

67
Q

What is the affect of histamine release into the dermal blood vessels?

A

Increased blood vessel permeability, and leakage of plasma into extravascular sites, causing oedema.

68
Q

What is the name given to oedema of the skin?

A

Oedema in epidermis = Urticaria

Oedema in dermis = Angio-oedema

69
Q

What is the difference between Urticaria and Angio-oedema?

A

Urticaria is oedema within the epidermis, whereas angio-oedema is oedema within the dermis.

70
Q

What makes up a pilosebaceous unit?

A
  • Hair shaft
  • Hair follicle
  • Arrector pilli muscle
  • Sebaceous gland
71
Q

What can become obstructed, resulting in acne?

A

Sebaceous duct associated with a hair follicle.

72
Q

What type of secretion is used by the sebaceous glands associated with a hair follicle?

A

Holocrine secretion

73
Q

On what part of the body are sebaceous glands most abundant?

A

Face

74
Q

What 3 factors result in acne?

A

1) Obstruction of sebaceous duct
2) Increased sebum production
3) Infection (with normally harmless skin bacteria)

75
Q

What is the shape of an eccrine sweat gland?

A

Coiled gland, whose duct stretches out to reach the surface of the epithelium

76
Q

What is ‘hyperhidrosis’?

A

Increased or excessive sweating, without the presence of normal triggers such as hot weather, exercise or anxiety

77
Q

What are the differences between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?

A
  • Eccrine sweat glands are present all over body, but apocrine only in axillae, genital and submammary areas
  • Eccrine glands reach deep into dermis, and secrete onto a hair follicle, whereas apocrine are more superficial, secreting onto the epidermis
  • Apocrine sweat contains higher protein content, which can be broken down by bacteria, producing BO
78
Q

Which type of sweat glands are associated with BO, and why?

A

Apocrine sweat glands, as produce protein-rich sweat which is broken down by bacteria, releasing BO

79
Q

Which layer of the skin plays the main part in providing a barrier function?

A

Stratum corneum

80
Q

Poor skin barrier function leads to:

A
  • Loss of fluid, protein, other nutrients
  • Loss of heat
  • Excessive absorption of exogenous agents (potentially harmful)
81
Q

How does leprosy affect sensation?

A

The infection starts by damaging the small nerves on the surface of the skin, leading to loss of sensation, so cuts and burns are not detected, leading to sores/ulcers/infection etc.

82
Q

Which 2 regulated pathways are vital in the maintenance of body temperature?

A

1) Vascular thermoregulation

2) Thermoregulatory eccrine sweating

83
Q

How can vascular thermoregulation conserve or lose heat?

A
  • Vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels leads to heat conservation
  • Vasodilation of skin blood vessels leads to heat loss
84
Q

How does eccrine sweating allow the regulation of body temperature?

A

Evaporation of sweat causes cooling, so increased/decreased sweat production can regulate body temperature

ESA1 (22 decks)

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