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ESA1 > ToB 1 Microscopy > Flashcards

ToB 1 Microscopy Flashcards

1
Q

Define histology:

A

The study of the structure of tissues by means of special staining techniques, combined with light and electron microscopy.

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2
Q

Define tissue:

A

A collection of cells specialised to perform a particular function. Aggregations of tissues constitute organs.

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3
Q

State the value of histology in diagnosis:

A

Often the final proof of a diagnosis, and may type the disease and/or inform therapy.

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4
Q

State the relationship between mm and um:

A

1mm = 1000um

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5
Q

What is the average diameter of most cells (in um)?

A

~ 10-20 um

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6
Q

Define biopsy:

A

The removal of a small piece of tissue from an organ or part of the body for microscopic examination.

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7
Q

Name the 4 types of tissues:

A

1) Epithelial
2) Muscular
3) Nervous
4) Connective

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8
Q

Name the 6 types of biopsies:

A

1) Curretage
2) Needle
3) Direct Incision
4) Smear
5) Endoscopic
6) Transvascular

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9
Q

What is a ‘smear’ biopsy?

A

Spontaneous/mechanical exfoliation to collect cells.

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10
Q

What type of tissues can you biopsy via smear?

A

Buccal and cervical cavities

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11
Q

What is a ‘curretage’ biopsy?

A

The use of a small scoop to remove cells.

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12
Q

What types of tissues can you biopsy via curettage?

A

Endometrial lining of the uterus.

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13
Q

What is a ‘needle’ biopsy?

A

The insertion of a needle into tissue to remove cells.

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14
Q

What types of tissues can you biopsy via needle?

A

Brain, breast, liver, kidney, muscle

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15
Q

What is a ‘direct incision’ biopsy?

A

An incision directly into the tissue of interest, and removal of tissue.

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16
Q

What types of tissue can you biopsy via direct incision?

A

Skin, mouth, larynx

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17
Q

What is an ‘endoscopic’ biopsy?

A

Removal of tissue via instruments using an endoscope.

18
Q

What types of tissue can you biopsy via endoscope?

A

Lungs, intestine, bladder

19
Q

What types of tissue can you biopsy using a transvascular approach?

A

Heart, liver

20
Q

Why do tissues need to be fixed for microscopy?

A

To preserve the structure, and to prevent autolysis and putrification.

21
Q

What fixatives are commonly used for fresh biopsies?

A

Gluteraldehyde

Formaldehyde

22
Q

Why can tissue processing lead to shrinkage artefacts?

A

During processing the slide is dehydrated then rehydrated, which can lead to abnormalities in final slide.

23
Q

Why can’t a fresh biopsy be put directly into wax for slide preparation?

A

Fresh biopsies contain a lot of water, which cannot be placed into wax.

24
Q

What is used to dehydrate a fresh biopsy?

A

Ethanol

25
Q

Why is a biopsy sample embedded and impregnated with wax?

A

To allow the biopsy to be sliced thinly and placed onto microscope slides.

26
Q

Why is a biopsy sample rehydrated once it has been sliced and placed onto a slide?

A

To allow staining (most stains are water-soluble), which allows the study of cell presence and structure.

27
Q

What is used to fix the stained biopsy permanently?

A

DPX

28
Q

Once the biopsy has been dehydrated using ethanol, what is used to clear the ethanol?

A

Xylene or Toluene

29
Q

Define artefact:

A

An artificial structure or tissue alteration on a prepared microscope slide, as a result of an extraneous factor

30
Q

What are the 2 most common stains used in histology?

A

1) Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction

2) Haemotoxylin and Eosin stain

31
Q

What components of the cell does the Periodic Acid-Schiff stain, and what colour?

A

Carbohydrates and glycoproteins are stained magenta.

32
Q

Which stain colours goblet cells magenta?

A

The periodic acid-schiff stain

33
Q

In terms of staining, what does PAS stand for?

A

Periodic Acid-Schiff

34
Q

What stain is used to colour DNA and RNA purple/blue?

A

Hematoxylin

35
Q

What stain is used to colour basic cell components pink?

A

Eosin

36
Q

What is the Hematoxylin-Eosin stain used for?

A

To colour acidic cell components purple/blue, and basic cell components pink.

37
Q

What are 3 advantages of using phase-contrast microscopy?

A

1) Use to study live cells in their natural state
2) Creates enough contrast to view transparent cells, which cannot be viewed via light microscopy
3) High contrast, high resolution

38
Q

What are 3 advantages of dark-field microscopy?

A

1) Use to study live cells in natural state
2) Can use to study transparent cells
3) Highlights structures around the nucleus/cell membrane (as creates image from scattered light)

39
Q

What type of microscopy is used to identify syphilis and malaria bacterium’s?

A

Dark-field microscopy

40
Q

What is the main advantage of fluorescence microscopy?

A

Allows certain cell structures to be labelled with fluorochromes, and the study of these under UV light.

41
Q

What is the main advantage of confocal light microscopy?

A

Creates a 3D image using a laser, without physically sectioning the specimen.

ESA1 (22 decks)

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