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Tissues of the Body > Tob 1 > Flashcards

Tob 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of the structure of tissues by means of special staining techniques combined with light and electron microscopy

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2
Q

What is a biopsy?

And what are the different types?

A

The removal of a small piece of tissue from an organ or part of the body for microscopic examination.
Smear, currettage, needle, direct incision, endoscopic, transvascular.

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3
Q

What are tissues?

A

A collection of cells specialised to preform a particular function

An aggregation of tissues constitutes an organ

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4
Q

What’s are shrinkage artefacts and why do they occur?

A

Artefacts.

Caused by shrinkage, tissue is dehydrated and rehydrated during slide preparation.

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5
Q

What stains are used during histological staining?

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E); H stains acidic components of cells purple/blue. E stains basic components of the cell pink. Periodic acid Schiff (PAF) stains carbohydrates and glycoproteins magenta.
Weigerts stains elastic fibres
Elastic Van gieson stains collagen pink/red elastin blue/black and muscle yellow.

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6
Q

Commonly used fixatives include;

A

Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde

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7
Q

What is a smear used for?

A

Collect cells by spontaneous/mechanical exfoliation. Cervix and buccal cavity

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8
Q

What is a currettage biopsy used for?

A

Removes tissue by scooping/scraping; endometrial lining of uterus.

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9
Q

What is a needle biopsy used for?

A

Put needle into tissue and gather cells; brain, breast, liver, kidney and muscle

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10
Q

What is a direct incision biopsy used for?

A

Cut directly into tissue of interest and remove tissue; skin, mouth, larynx

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11
Q

What is an endoscopic biopsy?

A

Removal of tissue via instruments through an endoscope; lung, intestine, bladder

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12
Q

What is a transvascular biopsy used for?

A

Heart and liver

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13
Q

What are the locations and functions of simple squamous epithelial?

A

Lining of blood vessels ‘endothelium’, lining of blood cavities- mesothelium, respiratory epithelium (pulmonary alveoli), bowmans capsule, loop of henle, inner and middle ear.
Functions include;
Lubrication, gas exchange (alveoli), barrier (bowmans capsule), active transport via pinocytosis (meso/endo).

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14
Q

What are the locations and functions of simple cuboidal epithelia?

A

Locations include; thyroid follicles, small ducts of many exocrine glands, kidney tubules, surface of the ovary (germinal epithelium)
Functions include; absorption and conduit (exocrine glands), absorption and secretion (kidney tubules), barrier/covering (ovary), hormone synthesis, storage and mobilisation.

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15
Q

What are the locations and functions of epithelia?

A

Locations include; stomach lining & gastric pits, small intestine & colon, gall bladder, large ducts of some exocrine glands, uterus, oviducts, ductili efferents of testis
Functions include; absorption (S.I & colon, gallbladder), secretion (stomach lining & gastric pits, S.I & colon), lubrication (S.I & colon), transport (oviduct)

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16
Q

What is occludin?

A

Occludin binds adjacent plasma membranes tightly together in the apical portion of some epithelia. Membrane proteins cannot bypass this zonuka occludens. The cell is able to restrict certain proteins to its apical surface and segregate others to its lateral and basal surfaces.

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17
Q

What are the locations and functions of psuedostratified epithelia?

A

Locations include; lining of the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi, epididymis and ductus deferens, auditory tube and part of the tympanic cavity, lacrimal sac and large excretory ducts.
Functions include; secretion and conduit (URT and ductus deferens), absorption (epididymis), mucus secretion (URT), particle trapping and removal (URT)

18
Q

What are the locations and functions of stratified squamous non-epithelia?

A

Locations; oral cavity, oesophagi us, larynx, vagina, part of anal cavity, surface of cornea, inner surface of the eyelid. Functions; protection against abrasion (all sites), reduces water loss whilst remaining moist.

19
Q

What are the locations and functions of stratified squamous keratinised epithelia?

A

Locations include; surface of the skin, limited distribution in oral cavity. Functions include; protection against abrasion and physical trauma, prevents water loss, prevents ingress of microbes, shields against UV damage.

20
Q

What are the locations and functions of transitional epithelia?

A

Locations include; renal calyces, ureters, bladder, urethra. Functions include; distensibility, protection of underlying tissue from toxic chemicals

21
Q

What is the structure/function of the basement membrane?

A

The basement membrane is a thin, flexible, acellular layer, which lies between epithelial cells and the subtending connective tissue. It consists of a basal lamina (laid down by epithelial).
Function; strong flexible layer to which epithelial cells adhere. Serves on a cellular and molecular filter. (The degree to which malignant cells penetrate basement membrane is highly relevant to prognosis)

22
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Apical extensions that greatly increase the surface area for selective absorption. Dense, brush border evident in light microscope. The core is a cluster of 15 or so microfillaments.

23
Q

What are stereocilia?

A

Very long microvilli, extend from the surface of the ductus deferens and the epididymis. May have absorptive function. Core; actin filaments bound to each other by fimbrin.

24
Q

What are cilia?

A

Extensions from the cells that beat in coordinated waves. Found in the lining of the trachea where they sweep mucus and dirt out of the lungs. Also found in Fallopian tubes, where they move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus 9 + 2 configuration.

25
Q

What are exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

An exocrine gland is a gland with ducts

An endocrine gland is a ‘ductless gland’ that secretes directly into the blood.

26
Q

What are the possible different structures of exocrine glands?

A

Simple tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple branched tubular, simple alveolar (acinar), simple branched alveolar (multicellular glands are classed as simple if their ducts don’t branch)

Compound glands; compound tubular, compound alveolar (acinar), compound tubuloalveolar (multicellular glands classed as complex if their ducts branch)

27
Q

What are mucous glands?

A

Secretions of these glands contain mucus rich in mucins (highly glycosylated polypeptides) (stain poorly in H&E)

28
Q

What are serous glands?

A

Secretions often contain enzymes, are watery and free of mucous. Pink (eosinophilic) in H&E

29
Q

What are the methods of secretion?

A

Merocrine (only secrete product released)
Apocrine (secrete the product and cell cytoplasm)
Holocrine (cell dies and becomes secretion)

30
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process of engulfing material initially outside the cell. Opposite of exocytosis (merocrine secretion). Ends/exocytosis are coupled in transepithelial transport.

31
Q

Describe the Golgi apparatus.

A

The Golgi apparatus is stack of disk shaped cisternae. One side of the discs are flattened, the other side is concave. Discs have swelling at their edges, that bud off into vesicles. The Golgi apparatus functions to modify, sort, concentrate and package proteins synthesised on the RER. CIS —> TRANS

32
Q

what is the relationship between milli-, micro- and nanometre?

A

mm 10-3m, um 10-6m, nm 10-9

33
Q

what is the usual diameter of a cell?

A

10-20um

34
Q

what is a biopsy?

A

The removal of a small piece of tissue from an organ or part of the body for microscopic examination

35
Q

what is histology?

A

the study of the structure of tissues by means of special staining techniques combined with light and electron microscopy.

36
Q

what are the commonly used fixatives?

A

glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde

37
Q

What are shrinkage artefacts caused by?

A

The dehydration and rehydration of the tissue in the preparation process

38
Q

Describe Haemotoxylin and eosion.

A

Haemotoxylin stains acidic components of cells purple/blue. Eosin stains basic components of cells pink

39
Q

What is PAS?

A

Periodic acid-Schiff: stains carbohydrates and glycoproteins magenta

40
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

acellular layer which lies between epithelial cells and the subtending connective tissue. Consists of basal lamina, which is laid down by the epithelial cells. Its thickness can be increased (reticular fibrils). Serves as a strong flexible layer to which epithelial cells adhere. It also serves as a cellular and molecular filter.

41
Q

Mesentry is?

A

A double layer of peritoneum attaching the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen and other abdominal organs to posterior wall of the abdomen. It contains blood and lymph vessels and nerves supplying these organs

Tissues of the Body (7 decks)

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