toa final Flashcards
a style of architecture that lasted from the 1950s to the 1970s, characterized by
simple, block-like, hulking concrete structures.
Brutalism
emerged in the 18th
century as a revival of the classical architectural styles of ancient Greece and Rome.
Classical revival architecture
also known as Neoclassical architecture,
Classical revival architecture
Europe and the United States experienced population booms and
required largescale, institutional buildings.
During the 1950s and 1960s,
emerged as a cost-effective alternative to
modernism, using materials like concrete and brick instead of expensive glass and metals.
. Brutalism
The style spread globally, with architects like .. in the United States and … in Australia and Canada contributing notable Brutalist buildings. These structures
addressed the need for large-scale, affordable institutional buildings.
Paul Rudolph, John
Andrews
often feature symmetrical facades, columns (especially of the Ionic, Doric,
and Corinthian orders), pediments, and other classical elements.
Neoclassical buildings
one the most influential proponents of the style, designing buildings in
early Washington D.C. and the University of Virginia at Charlottesville.
Thomas Jefferson
emerged prominently in the 1920s and 1903s emphasizing the constructive and
technical aspects of artistic expression. It prioritized the design of the material environment,
focusing on simplicity, logic, and functional justification in forms and designs.
Constructivism
shows a desire to abolish the traditionally representational function of art
and put it to new, more practical uses.
Vladimir Tatlin’s
Architectural Characteristics of Constructivism (1)
a. 3D cubism
b. Modern technology
c. Bold colors and lines
the form of a building should be determined by practical
considerations such as use, material, and structure as distinct from the attitude that plan and
structure must conform to a preconceived picture in the designer’s mind.
Functionalism
Functionalism, the doctrine that the form of a building should be determined by practical
considerations such as
use, material, and structure as distinct from the attitude that plan and
structure must conform to a preconceived picture in the designer’s mind.
required strict compliance of buildings and structures with industrial and domestic
processes (functions) taking place in them.
Functionalism
American architect who is considered the founder of ‘modern’
functionalism. “Form follows Function
LOUIS SULLIVAN
Swiss architect who practiced the idea of functionalism
LE CORBUSIER
Architectural Characteristics of Constructivism (2)
Simplicity and rationality
b. Integration with environment
c. Purpose and efficiency
was inspired by the biological organism’s growth and regeneration,
proposing flexible, adaptable, and modular architectural designs.
metabolism
a well-known example of Metabolism architecture:
Nakagin Capsule Tower by Kisho Kurokawa
Kenzo Tange’s Shizuoka Press and Broadcasting Center was?
first spatial realization of Tange’s
Metabolist ideas of organically-inspired structural growth.
is an eclectic style of architecture formed by a asymmetrical shapes, diverse
aesthetics, and the decorative arts.
Postmodernism
“Less is More”
Modernism
“Less is Bore”
Postmodernism
was developed in Chicago around 1900, as a reaction against the ornate
Victorian styles prevalent during that time, and considered as the first truly American architectural
style.
Prairie School Movement
was influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement and its emphasis on
functionality and craftsmanship.
Prairie School Movement
Architectural Characteristics of Prairie School Movement:
a. Horizontal Emphasis: Flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves; Windows grouped
in horizontal bands; Low-lying structures that blend with the flat prairie landscape.
b. Open Floor Plans: Emphasis on spaciousness and functionality; Blurring of boundaries
between indoor and outdoor spaces; Large central living areas often incorporating
fireplaces.
c. Ornamentation: Restrained use of applied ornamentation; Emphasis on simple geometric
forms and clean lines; Ornamentation often integrated with the overall design.
Flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves; Windows grouped
in horizontal bands; Low-lying structures that blend with the flat prairie landscape.
Horizontal Emphasis
Emphasis on spaciousness and functionality; Blurring of boundaries
between indoor and outdoor spaces; Large central living areas often incorporating
fireplaces.
Open Floor Plans
Restrained use of applied ornamentation; Emphasis on simple geometric
forms and clean lines; Ornamentation often integrated with the overall design
Ornamentation
primarily an art movement, influenced architectural design through its emphasis on
simplicity, geometric forms, and functionality.
Purism
a co-founder of Purism, became a major figure in
Modernar chitecture. His work, including Villa Savoye and Unité d’Habitation, exemplifies Purist
principles in architecture
Le Corbusier (Charles-EdouardJeanneret)
renowned architect and founder of International Style in Germany, his steel-and-glass aesthetic became synonymous with modern architecture.
Mies Van der Rohe
a Swiss-French architect, advocated for functionalism. Coined the famous dictum “Form follows function. “, emphasized open floor plans, natural light, and geometric forms in his designs
Le Corbusier,
was a pioneer of organic architecture who sought to integrate buildings harmoniously with their natural surroundings.
Frank Lloyd Wright
, also known as Modernism, emerged in the late 19th century and early 20th century as a response to the societal, cultural, and technological changes of the time.
The Modern Movement
Functionality
Simplicity
Key Principles of Modern Movement:
Bauhaus School was founded by who and where?
Walter Gropius in Weimar, Germany
It pioneered an interdisciplinary approach that laid the foundation for modern architectural education, aimed to unify art, craft, and technology.
Bauhaus School
were distinct with their perspective -enhancing sharp lines and cubic, unaligned windows, contradicting what architecture should look like.
Cubist -inspired buildings
Characteristics of Cubist Architecture:
Simplicity;
Basic Geometrical Shape;
Minimal Color Proponent; Alignment;
A characteristic of cubist architecture where details were simplified or reduced the use of basic architectural features, add-ons, and decorations.
Simplicity
A characteristic of cubist architecture where the structure of the building reduces the polygonal and becomes more rectangular or cube-like shape.
Basic Geometrical Shape;
A characteristic of cubist architecture where one or two colors are used.
Minimal Color Proponent;
A characteristic of cubist architecture where some of the windows of the building are not aligned, moreover windows often have different shapes and sizes.
Asymmetrical Window Alignment;
is a 19th and 20th Century Architectural Style
Eclecticism
Architectural Style in which a single piece of work incorporates a mixture of elements from Previous Historical Styles to Create something new and original.
Eclecticism
is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions.
Eclecticism
it draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject or apply different theories in particular cases.
Eclecticism
Essential Figures in Eclectic Architecture:
Stanford White:
Richard Norman Shaw:
William Rutherford Mead:
Charles Follen Mckim:
Richard Morris Hunt:
Josef Hlavka:
American architect and a partner in the architectural firm Mckim, Mead & White.
Stanford White:
British architect who worked from the 1870s to the 1900s, known for his country houses and for commercial buildings.
Richard Norman Shaw:
American architect who was the center for the office of Mckim, Mead, and White a noted Gilded Age architectural firm.
William Rutherford Mead:
American Beaux-Arts architect of the late 19th century.
Charles Follen Mckim:
American architect of the 19th century and an eminent figure in the history of architecture of the United States.
Richard Morris Hunt:
Czech architect, builder, philanthropist and founder of the oldest Czech foundation for sciences and arts.
Josef Hlavka:
was part of a broader European Art Nouveau movement but had its own unique characteristics influenced by the cultural and political landscape of Catalonia.
Catalan Modernism movement
Architectural Features of Catalan Movement:
Organic Forms
Ornate facades
Integration with nature
Architectural Features of Catalan Movement where Buildings feature curved lines, asymmetrical shapes, and intricate ornamentation inspired by natural forms such as plants and animals.
Organic Forms:
Architectural Features of Catalan Movement where Elaborate decorations, including colorful mosaic tiles, sculpted reliefs, and wrought ironwork, adorn building exteriors.
Ornate facades:
Architectural Features of Catalan Movement where Architects designed buildings to harmonize with their surroundings, often incorporating gardens, courtyards, and natural light.
Integration with nature:
pioneered the use of Steel-frame construction which allowed for taller and more structurally sound buildings.
The Chicago School Movement
Architectural Features of Chicago School Movement where Buildings typically consist of a base, shaft, and capital each with distinct architectural treatments.
Tri-partite Façade:
Architectural Features of Chicago School Movement:
Tri-partite Façade
Terra Cotta Ornamentation
Large Windows
Architectural Features of Chicago School Movement where Decorative terra cotta cladding to embellish building exteriors, adding texture and visual interest.
Terra Cotta Ornamentation:
Architectural Features of Chicago School Movement where Incorporating large plate-glass windows to maximize natural light and offer expansive views.
Large Windows:
Key Architects of Chicago School Movement:
William Le Baron Jenney
Louis Sullivan
Father of the skyscraper
William Le Baron Jenney:
Pioneering architect of Chicago School.
Louis Sullivan
