TOA EXAM

Question 1

It sets the basic understanding of design before architects design a building into reality

Answer 1

Theory of Architecture

Question 2

This type of organization is a stable, concentrated composition that consists of several secondary spaces grouped around a large, dominant, central space.

Answer 2

Centralized

Question 3

This organization of space combines elements of both centralized and linear organizations. It consists of a dominant central space from which several linear organizations extend in a radial manner.

Answer 3

Radial

Question 4

Spatial relationship results from the overlapping of two spatial fields and the emergence of a zone of shared space

Answer 4

Interlocking spaces

Question 5

This organization consists of forms and spaces whose positions in space and relationships with one another are regulated by a three-dimensional grid pattern or field.

Answer 5

Grid

Question 6

This organization consists essentially of a series of spaces. These spaces can either be directly related to one another or be linked through a separate and distinct linear space.

Answer 6

Linear

Question 7

The three-dimensional field in which objects and events occur and have relative position and direction, especially a portion of that fieldset apart in each instance or for a particular purpose.

Answer 7

Space

Question 8

In this type of spatial relationship, the larger, enveloping space serves as a three-dimensional field for the smaller space contained within it.

Answer 8

Space within a space

Question 9

Two spaces that are separated by distance can be linked or related to each other by a third, intermediate, space.

Answer 9

Spaces linked by a common space

Question 10

This organization relies on physical proximity to relate its spaces to one another. It often consists of repetitive, cellular spaces that have similar functions and share a common visual trait such as shape or orientation.

Answer 10

Clustered

Question 11

The most common type of spatial relationship. It allows each space to be clearly defined and to respond, each in its own way, to specific functional or symbolic requirements

Answer 11

Adjacent spaces

Question 12

The ornamental style of art flourished between about 1890 and 1910 throughout Europe and the United States. It is characterized by its use of a long, sinuous, organic line and was employed most often in architecture, interior design, jewelry and glass design, posters, and illustrations. It was a deliberate attempt to create a new style, free of imitative historicism that dominated much of 19th-century art and design.

Answer 12

Art Nouveau

Question 13

What are the Five Points of Architecture by Le Corbusier?

Answer 13

Pilotis, Free Plan, Free Facade, Horizontal Windows, and Roof Garden

Question 14

He presented a short-written foundation to his system of proportions (based on the golden section) in the book Modulor (1951). Its fundamental perceptive psychology base was presented already 1923 in the book Vers une architecture: “Architecture is a brilliant, orthodox, and an original jigsaw puzzle of masses combined in light. Our eyes were created to see the forms in light; light and shadow reveal the forms. Cubes, cones, balls, cylinders, and pyramids are primary shapes that light so excellently reveals; the picture they give to us is clear and perspicuous without indecision. That is why they are beautiful forms.”

Answer 14

Le Corbusier

Question 15

He wrote the “Regole generall di architectura”, the first book to be published in 1537, the General Rules of Architecture was conceived as the fourth part within the series. In this book, he describes the five different architectural orders in which to build (Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite) and explains which types of materials and ornaments can be used within each order.

Answer 15

Sebastiano Serlio

Question 16

The first theorist set out to create a totally new system of architectural forms independent of antiquity. In his book Entretiens sur l’architecture he states that “what we call taste is but an involuntary process of reasoning whose steps elude our observation”.”Authority has no value if its grounds are not explained “. His work was one of the foundations of modern architecture.

Answer 16

Eugene Viollet-le-Duc

Question 17

The aesthetic quality associated with the goddess Venus, imparted style, proportion, and visual beauty.

Answer 17

Venustas

Question 18

The Father of modern picture books of architecture also wrote the “I Quattro libri dell’architectura” also known as “The Four Books of Architecture.”

Answer 18

Andrea Palladio

Question 19

He wrote “Regola delle cinque ordini”, The Five Orders of Architecture which tackles the concise, facts, and easily applicable rules of the five-column systems. He based his design instructions on four things:

Answer 19

Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola

Question 20

The person in charge of construction was commanded by Pop and wrote Della Pittura (On Painting) which includes Brunelleschi’s theories of perspective and De Re Aedificatoria (On Building), the first architectural treatise of the Renaissance.

Answer 20

Leon Bautista Alberti

Question 21

The central figures in developing the mathematical construction theory.

Answer 21

Robert Hooke, Jakob Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler

Question 22

The physical strength secured the building’s structural integrity.

Answer 22

Firmitas

Question 23

One of the French theorists who were critical of Italians proved that Pantheon’s Corinthian columns had 3 different proportions. He also rejected the doctrine of the absolute beauty of measures

Answer 23

Philibert de Lorme

Question 24

The author of the oldest research on architecture wrote an extensive summary of all the theories on construction and had a thorough knowledge of earlier Greek and Roman writings

Answer 24

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

Question 25

The style of architecture, reflecting the rebirth of Classical culture, originated in Florence in the early 15thcentury and spread throughout Europe, replacing the medieval Gothic style.

Answer 25

Renaissance architecture

Question 26

Treatises that aim at the fulfillment of one principal goal, usually at the cost of other customary goals of the building.

Answer 26

Thematic Theories of Architecture

Question 27

The notion that a building is defective unless the spaces provided are adequate and appropriate for their intended usage would seem obvious.

Answer 27

Utilitas

Question 28

The Three Vitruvian theories.

Answer 28

Utilitas, Firmitas, and Venustas

Question 29

The full name of Le Corbusier

Answer 29

Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris

Question 30

Another important writer inspired young architects to create new formal styles. He studied the methods of exploiting an eternal source of architectural forms: nature and especially the forms of plants. The result of his studies became the first design instruction on the use of ornaments originating in nature: Grammar of Ornament (1856). One of the its37 rules (no 13) states that “flowers or other natural objects should not be used as ornaments”, instead acceptable are “conventional representations founded upon them sufficiently suggestive to convey the intended image to the mind, without destroying the unity of the object they are employed to decorate.”

Answer 30

Owen Jones

Question 31

Also known as “De architectura libri decem”, it consists mostly of a normative theory of design (based on practice). A collection of thematic theories of design with no method of combining them into a synthesis

Answer 31

Ten Books on Architecture

Question 32

Avant-Garde Art movement, which was distinct in comparison as every other art style was three-dimensional, this was two-dimensional. It had become an influential factor in terms of architecture and the architects of the movement borrowed heavily from cubist art regarding geometric forms and shapes, diverse elements could be superimposed, made transparent, or penetrate one another.

Answer 32

Cubism

Question 33

German-born American architect whose rectilinear forms, crafted in elegant simplicity, epitomized the International Style of architecture. Believing that less is more, he became the designer of rational, minimalist skyscrapers, houses, and furniture.

Answer 33

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe

Question 34

European architect who became more famous for his ideas and writings than for his buildings. He believed that reason should determine the way we build, and he opposed the decorative Art Nouveau movement, or, as it was known in Europe, Jugendstil. His notions about design influenced20th-century modern architecture and its variations

Answer 34

Adolf Loos

Question 35

The American architect and critic known for his promotion of the International Style and, later, for his role in defining postmodernist architecture.

Answer 35

Philip Johnson

Question 36

The American architect and urban planner whose impact on the American city was substantial. He was instrumental in the development of the skyscraper and was noted for his highly successful management of the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 and his ideas about urban planning

Answer 36

Daniel Burnham

Question 37

America’s most famous architect. He is celebrated for developing a new type of American home, the Prairie house, elements of which continue to be copied. Streamlined and efficient, his Prairiehouse designs paved the way for the iconic Ranch Style that became wildly popular in America during the 1950s and 1960s

Answer 37

Frank Lloyd Wright

Question 38

A highly successful architect and the first professor of Architecture (1876-77) at the University of Michigan. He is best known for designing the 10-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago(1884-85), the first high-rise in America to use a metal frame rather than stone and brick.

Answer 38

William Le Baron Jenney

Question 39

One of the most significant European architects before World War I. Often considered the father of modern architecture in the Netherlands, he greatly influenced a generation of architects that included J.J.P.Oud, Gerrit Rietveld, and Mies van der Rohe. His work is known for its transition from 19th-century historicism to new styles and theories of modern architecture.”

Answer 39

Hendrik Petrus Berlage

Question 40

The intended uses of new buildings have certainly influenced their architecture long before the emergence of first architects or theories.

Answer 40

Functionalism

Question 41

He was an American industrialist and inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails.

Answer 41

Elisha Otis

Question 42

In 1871, in one of the worst disasters in US history, the city of Chicago - then constructed almost exclusively of wood - was destroyed almost entirely by a great fire. The rebuilding of the city in stone and steel marked a revolutionary turning point in the history of architecture: in particular, the history of skyscraper construction also known as the?

Answer 42

Chicago School

Question 43

Emerged in the early-20th century in Italy. It was motivated by anti-historicism and characterized by long horizontal lines and streamlined forms suggesting speed, dynamism, movement, and urgency. Founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti with his ‘Manifesto of Futurism’ (1909), along with other creatives such as writers, musicians, artists, and so on. They all were attracted to, and interested in, the new ‘cult of the machine age’ and the technological changes of the new century.

Answer 43

Futurism

Question 44

The school of design, architecture and applied arts existed in Germany from 1919 to 1933. It included the teaching of various crafts, which he saw as allied to architecture, the matrix of the arts. By training students equally in art and in technically expert craftsmanship, the Bauhaus sought to end the schism between the two.

Answer 44

Bauhaus

Question 45

He was known for the famous line and design principle, “Form follows function”.

Answer 45

Louis Sullivan

Question 46

Austrian architect and urban planner. He was a leading member of the Vienna Secession movement of architecture, founded in1897, and the broader Art Nouveau movement. Many of his works are in his native city of Vienna and illustrate the rapid evolution of architecture during the period. His early works were inspired by classical architecture

Answer 46

Otto Wagner

Question 47

The English art critic and designer who pioneered the Arts and Crafts Movement.

Answer 47

John Ruskin & William Morris

Question 48

The architect was noted for his influential role in the development of modern architecture in Germany. In addition, he was a pioneer in the field of industrial design

Answer 48

Peter Behrens

Question 49

It was the first world fair held in Chicago. Carving out some 600 acres of Frederick Law Olmsted’s Jackson Park, the exposition was a major milestone. The site of the exposition itself gained the nickname the “White City” due to the appearance of its massive white buildings. The White City showcased chief architect Daniel Burnham’s ideas for a “City Beautiful” movement.

Answer 49

The World Columbian Exposition

Question 50

The movement that emerged in the 1960s, described first in a book called “Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture” by Robert Venturi and later in another book by him and his wife Denise Scott Brown, “Learning from Las Vegas”. The movement since then has seen a variety of buildings that were built in the previous century and given rise to the ideals that are still followed. Deconstructivism and Critical Regionalism are some movements that have derived from the same.

Answer 50

Postmodernism

Question 51

Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton was a remarkable construction of prefabricated parts. It consisted of an intricate network of slender iron rods sustaining walls of clear glass. The main body of the building was 1,848 feet (563 meters) long and 408 feet (124 meters) wide; the height of the central transept was 108 feet (33 meters). The construction occupied some 18 acres (7 hectares) on the ground, while its total floor area was about 990,000 square feet (92,000 square meters, or about 23 acres (9 hectares).On the ground floor and galleries, there were more than 8 miles (13 km) of display tables

Answer 51

Crystal Palace

Question 52

The English landscape gardener and designer of hothouses, who was the architect of the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London

Answer 52

Sir Joseph Paxton

Question 53

Best known as a major player in what is known as the Chicago School and the birth of the modern skyscraper. He was an architect based in Chicago, Illinois, yet what many consider his most famous building is in St. Louis, Missouri — the 1891 Wainwright Building, one of America’s most historic high-rise buildings.

Answer 53

Louis Sullivan

Question 54

Originated in England in the mid-19th century as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of the industrial revolution. It looked back to a time before craftspeople were replaced by machines. Its roots were philosophical rather than architectural and it encompassed many art forms.

Answer 54

Arts and Crafts Movement

Question 55

The 19th century is characterized by a series of revival movements, in which styles of the past re-emerged as symbols of modern power. Many Europeans, and Americans, dedicated themselves to the styles of ancient Rome and Greece, which we call

Answer 55

Neoclassicism

Question 56

The architectural style that developed in Europe and the United States in the 1920s and ’30s and became the dominant tendency in Western architecture during the middle decades of the 20th century. The most common characteristics of International Style buildings are rectilinear forms; light, taut plane surfaces that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration; open interior spaces; and a visually weightless quality engendered using cantilever construction

Answer 56

International Style

Question 57

Began around 1760 in England, led to enormous changes at each level of civilization throughout the world. The growth of heavy industrial material brought more new building materials which are cast iron, steel, and glass with which architects and engineers rearranged the concept of function, size, and form

Answer 57

Industrial Revolution

Question 58

He studied the subconscious symbolism of the forms of buildings. “The strongest symbols are derived from the most elementary perceptual sensations because they are connected with such basic experiences of the human experience which serve as a basis for everything else.” He found that dynamic forms which referred to the movement were the most expressive forms of architecture, whereas if architectural forms imitate the forms of other objects too clearly (e.g., if a church is built in the form of a fish), this is bound to disturb dynamics and expression

Answer 58

Rudolf Arnheim

Question 59

A type of analogy where building types are categorized according to methods taken from words and grammar, expressionism, and symbolism. It’s a metaphor.

Answer 59

Linguistic Analogy

Question 60

Views the appropriateness of designed objects for their functional purposes as being equivalent to the fitness of animals and plants for their environment.

Answer 60

Ecological Analogy

Question 61

A type of analogy where building types are categorized according to methods taken from Le Corbusier’s manifesto, A house is a machine for living in,

Answer 61

Mechanical Analogy

Question 62

A type of analogy where building types are categorized according to methods taken from botany and zoology.

Answer 62

Organic analogy

Question 63

It was popular in several fields of medieval culture, but hardly any original writings exist on how this symbolism was precisely understood in architecture. What is known is that some church buildings were built too

Answer 63

Allegorical symbolism

Question 64

He was a teacher of architecture at the Paris school of construction engineering (Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées) and presented rather original ideas on the symbolism of the building. He told his students to design “talking” (Fr. parlant) architecture, i.e., for example, the house of a saw owner had to be designed to resemble the blade of a saw.” Buildings should be like poems. The impressions they create to our senses should produce analogous feelings to those produced using those buildings.” (Arnheim 1977, 275).

Answer 64

Etienne-Louis Boullée

Question 65

A type of analogy where building types are categorized according to methods taken from geometrical shapes such as cones, balls, cubes, and proportions

Answer 65

Mathematical Analogy

Question 66

A type of analogy where a building as a stage of life, draws us to the lifecycle achieving a balanced ecosystem through its lifecycle obtaining sustainability. A natural life cycle is a closed one; dealing with a building through this principle will lead us to call for sustainable and green architecture.

Answer 66

Stage analogy

Question 67

A type of analogy where building types are categorized according to methods taken from organic shapes and vigorous style of construction

Answer 67

Biological analogies

Question 68

A type of analogy where a building is a combination of such materials which can be found on the site

Answer 68

Ad-hoc analogy

Question 69

A type of analogy where building types are categorized according to methods taken from the exotic language of form, ancient morphology, and which appeals to feelings

Answer 69

Romantic Architecture

Question 70

Explains the design of useful objects and buildings in terms of repeated copying in which variations are made at each stage and are then put to the test.

Answer 70

Darwinian Analogy

Question 71

The engineering structure of a building compared with the skeleton of the animal

Answer 71

Anatomical Analogy

Question 72

In the 19th and 20th centuries, architectural theorists did not write much about symbolism, but architectural design got several symbolic models of forms of buildings, which became conventionalized. This theorist had written the following theories of symbolism.

Answer 72

Wayne O. Attoe

Question 73

The linguistic analogy can be classified with metaphor types

Answer 73

Tangible, Intangible, Combined