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Question 1

What are the divisions of the nervous system? • • • What are neuroglia? • What is the structure of a neuron? • What is the myelin sheath? Saltatory conduction? Schwann cell? Node of Ranvier? • Explain the resting and action potential as they relate to a nerve impulse. • How does the nerve impulse traverse the synapse? • What are the 4 parts of the brain and their functions? • What structures protect the CNS? • What are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system? • Describe the actions of some drugs of abuse

Answer 1

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Question 2

What are the three types of neurons?

Question 3

What are neuroglia? •

Question 4

What is the structure of a neuron? •

Question 5

What is the myelin sheath?

Question 6

Saltatory conduction?

Question 7

Schwann cell? Node of Ranvier? •

Question 8

Explain the resting and action potential as they relate to a nerve impulse. •

Question 9

How does the nerve impulse traverse the synapse? •

Question 10

What are the 4 parts of the brain and their functions? •

Answer 10

What structures protect the CNS? •

Question 11

What are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system? •

Question 12

Describe the actions of some drugs of abuse

Question 13

Short Answer/Process Questions for Nervous System

Question 14

Short Answer or Process Questions for Sensory System

Question 15

Endochine Short Answer Questions

Question 16

Multiple Choice Q

Question 17

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 18

Needs more studying

Question 19

Put on Study Guide Transcribe

Question 20

Intersystem

Question 21

Theme

Answer 21

What is the endocrine system? 

Question 22

Compare and contrast exocrine and endocrine glands. 

Answer 22

What is the endocrine system? 

Question 23

What are the different hormones and their functions? What are their effects? 

Question 24

The lobular thymus lies just beneath the sternum (see Fig. 16.1). This organ reaches its largest size and is most active during childhood. With aging, the organ gets smaller and becomes fatty. Lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow and then pass through the thymus are transformed into T lymphocytes. The lobules of the thymus are lined by epithelial cells that secrete hormones called thymosins. These hormones aid in the differentiation of lymphocytes packed inside the lobules. Although thymosins ordinarily work in the thymus, research is investigating ways that they could be used in AIDS or cancer patients to enhance T-lymphocyte function.

Question 25

Key Concepts to Focus On • What are sensory receptors? • How do we detect the sense of taste and smell? • What is the anatomy of the eye? • How do we focus images? • What are some eye abnormalities? • What is the anatomy of the ear? • Which parts function in balance and which parts function in hearing

Question 26

Key Concepts to Focus On • What are sensory receptors? • How do we detect the sense of taste and smell? • What is the anatomy of the eye? • How do we focus images? • What are some eye abnormalities? • What is the anatomy of the ear? • Which parts function in balance and which parts function in hearing

Question 27

Anatomy of an Eye

Answer 27

Anatomy of the eye • 2 compartments 1. Anterior compartment: between the cornea and lens; filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor – this liquid is continuously produced each day and drains through small ducts 2. Posterior compartment: most of the eye, behind the lens; contains a gelatinous material called vitreous humor that holds the retina in place and supports the lens – this liquid you are born with and remains; no more is produced

Made of 3 layers/coats 1. Sclera: mostly white and fibrous except the cornea 2. Choroid: darkly-pigmented vascular layer 3. Retina: inner layer containing photoreceptors

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1. Layers of the eye: Sclera • Sclera – the white of the eye that maintains eye shape – Cornea: transparent portion of the sclera that is important in refracting light – Pupil: a hole that allows light into the eyeball
2. Layers of the eye: Choroid • Choroid – middle layer that absorbs light rays not absorbed by the retina – Iris: donut-shaped, colored structure that regulates the size of the pupil – Ciliary body: structure behind the iris that contains a muscle that controls the shape of the lens • Lens – attached to the ciliary body; refracts and focuses light rays

The lens is a flexible, transparent, and concave structure. • Visual accommodation occurs when the lens changes shape to focus light on the retina and form an image. • As we age, the lens loses elasticity, and we use glasses to correct for this. 15.4 Sense of Vision The lens a. Focusing on distant object b

3. Layers of the eye: Retina • The retina contains photoreceptors called rods and cones. • Rods are sensitive to light. • Cones require bright light and respond to wavelengths of light (color). • The macula lutea is an area of the retina densely packed with cones where images are focused. – The fovea centralis is the center of this area, and is the area of highest visual acuity (sharpness of vision)
4. Layers of the eye: Retina • Sensory receptors from the retina form the optic nerve that takes impulses to the brain. • The blind spot is the optic disc, and is where the optic nerve attaches; it lacks photoreceptors, therefore consequently nothing can be visually detected at this location.

Photoreceptors of the retina • Rods – They contain a visual pigment called rhodopsin. – Rods are important for peripheral and night vision (black and white vision). – Vitamin A is important for proper functioning of the rods. • Cones – They are located mostly in the fovea centralis. – Cones allow us to detect fine detail and color. – 3 different kinds of cones containing red, green, and blue pigments.

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Question 28

Select all mechanisms by which glucocorticoids raise the blood glucose level.

Answer 28

metabolism of fatty acids

conversion of amino acids to glucose

metabolism of fatty acids

production of glycogen

Reason:

This would decrease the blood glucose level.

conversion of amino acids to glucose

usage of amino acids to build proteins

Reason:

This is the opposite of what glucocorticoids cause, which is the breakdown of proteins and the conversion of amino acids into glucose.

Question 29

The ciliary muscle of the eye changes the shape of the

Answer 29

lens

Question 30

Question 31

has an extensive blood supply

absorbs stray light

contains a dark pigment

Answer 31

Select the correct descriptions of the choroid layer of the human eye.

Multiple select question.

made of transparent collagen fibers

Reason:

The cornea is made of transparent collagen fibers, however it is part of the sclera.

has an extensive blood supply

absorbs stray light

contains a dark pigment

towards the front of the eye it becomes the retina

Reason:

Towards the front of the eye the choroid becomes the iris.

Question 32

Which of the following is a glucocorticoid?

Multiple choice question.

cortisol

aldosterone

glucagon

adrenaline

Correct Answer

cortisol

Question 33

What structure divides the eye into anterior and posterior chambers?

Multiple choice question.

lens

fovea centralis

retina

cornea

Correct Answer

lens

Question 34

When blood sodium levels and blood pressure are low, the kidneys secrete erithropoetinBlank 1Blank 1 erithropoetin , Incorrect Unavailable which leads to the release of adenosineBlank 2Blank 2 adenosine , Incorrect Unavailable from the adrenal cortex.

Correct Answer

Blank 1: renin

Blank 2: aldosterone

Question 35

Choice, hearing and speech

hearing and speech

• matches

temporal

Choice, skin senses

skin senses

• matches

parietal

Choice, vision

vision

• matches

occipital

Choice, motor control

motor control

• matches

frontal

Question 36

region of the brain that accounts for thought processes

convoluted outer layer of gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres

region of the brain that accounts for sensation

region of the brain that accounts for voluntary movement

Answer 36

cerebral cortex

Question 37

salivary glands

smooth muscle of blood vessels

cardiac muscle

smooth muscle of the intestinal wall

Answer 37

autonomic nervous system of PNS

Question 38

Choice, hearing and speech

hearing and speech

• matches

temporal

Choice, skin senses

skin senses

• matches

parietal

Choice, vision

vision

• matches

occipital

Choice, motor control

motor control

• matches

frontal

Question 39

neuron takes nerve impulses away from the central nervous system.

Answer 39

motor or efferent

Question 40

Choice, contains sensory receptors for light

contains sensory receptors for light

• matches

retina

Choice, regulates entry of light into eye

regulates entry of light into eye

• matches

iris

Choice, holds lens in place, focusing

holds lens in place, focusing

• matches

ciliary body

Choice, absorbs stray light

absorbs stray light

• matches

choroid

Choice, admits light

admits light

• matches

pupil

Choice, refracts light rays

refracts light rays

• matches

cornea

Choice, protects and supports the eye

protects and supports the eye

• matches

sclera

Choice, contains sensory receptors for light

contains sensory receptors for light

• matches

retina

Choice, regulates entry of light into eye

regulates entry of light into eye

• matches

iris

Choice, holds lens in place, focusing

holds lens in place, focusing

• matches

ciliary body

Choice, absorbs stray light

absorbs stray light

• matches

choroid

Choice, admits light

admits light

• matches

pupil

Choice, refracts light rays

refracts light rays

• matches

cornea

Choice, protects and supports the eye

protects and supports the eye

• matches

sclera

Question 41

When an image is on the retina, it appears

Answer 41

inverted

reversed from left to right

Question 42

Match each hormone secreted by the pituitary gland with the target tissue or gland that it acts on.

Instructions

adrenocorticotropic hormone

adrenal cortex

growth hormone

bones, muscle, other tissues

luteinizing hormone

ovaries, testes

prolactin

mammary glands

Question 43

The sodium-potassium pumps located in neuron plasma membranes serve to pump _____ into the cell and _____ out of the cell.

Multiple choice question.

Answer 43

potassium/sodium

Question 44

conversion of amino acids to glucose

metabolism of fatty acids

Answer 44

glucocorticoids

Question 45

The glucocorticoids,whose secretion is controlled by ACTH, regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. Glucocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex.Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that is active in the stress response and the repair of damaged tissues in the body. Glucocorticoids raise the blood glucose level in at least two ways. (1) They promote the breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids, taken up by the liver from the bloodstream. The liver then converts these excess amino acids to glucose, which enters the blood. (2) They promote the metabolism of fatty acids rather than carbohydrates, and this spares glucose.

Question 46

Choice, transmits impulses to the brain

transmits impulses to the brain

• matches

optic nerve

Choice, transmit light rays and support the eye

transmit light rays and support the eye

• matches

humors

Choice, refracts and focuses light rays

refracts and focuses light rays

• matches

lens

Choice, makes acute vision possible

makes acute vision possible

• matches

fovea centralis

Choice, makes color vision possible

makes color vision possible

• matches

cone cells

Choice, makes black-and-white vision possible

makes black-and-white vision possible

• matches

rod cells

Answer 47

salivary glands

smooth muscle of blood vessels

cardiac muscle

smooth muscle of the intestinal wall

Question 48

myelin sheath, neuraglia, sped up, mylenation, nodes of ranvier, resting and action potential- nerve impulse- neuron communicates with another cell- neuron/muscle cell, nerve impulse traverses synapse- crosses over- four parts of brain and function, structures that protect cns, 2 parts of pns , actions of some drugs of abuse , different neurotransmitters, receptors in brain

Question 49

Cerebrum –

largest portion of the brain •

4 lobes:

1. Frontal lobe: primary motor area and conscious thought
2. Temporal lobe: primary auditory, smell, and speech area
3. Parietal lobe: primary somatosensory and taste area
4. Occipital lobe: primary visual area

Question 50

Thyroid abnormalities  Simple goiter – thyroid enlarges due to lack of iodine in the diet  Hypothyroidism – low blood levels of thyroid hormones A. Congenital hypothyroidism: thyroid does not develop properly and is characterized in a short, stocky person that may be developmentally disabled B. Myxedema: hypothyroidism in adults characterized by lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair, cold intolerant, and thick, puffy skin  Hyperthyroidism – excess thyroid hormones in the blood A. Exophthalmic goiter: such as seen in Graves’ disease and is characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyes, hyperactive, and suffers from insomnia B. Thyroid tumor: can also cause hyperthyroidism