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Neuropsychology > To Finish up > Flashcards

To Finish up Flashcards

1
Q

What side of the body does the primary sensory cortex receive projections from?

A

contralateral

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2
Q

Proprioceptive information from muscles and joints arrive where? To relay what information?

A

In the primary somatosensory cortex to relay info about the position of the body parts in relation to one another

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3
Q

role of S1 vs S2

A

primary processor of sensory input vs higher-order integration and interpretation

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4
Q

location of S1 vs S2

A

postcentral gyrus vs parietal operculum

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5
Q

input of S1 vs S2

A

thalamus vs S1 and other brain regions

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6
Q

function of S1 vs S2

A

localization, discrimination, proprioception

integration, learning, complex tactile recognition, pain perception

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7
Q

What happens if a lesion were to occur in the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Varied degrees of focal impairment in sensation the contralateral side of body

acute stage: loss of all sensory modalities on contralateral body or face

chronic stage: recovery of sensation and pain and temperature and crude touch sensation (due to sensory cortices compensating + thalamic and S2 means recovery of pain and temp

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8
Q

What would happen if the lateral left parietal lobe was lesioned?

A

Apraxia– patient loses sense of what particular movement is for

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9
Q

How are Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas cnnected?

A

acuate fasciculus in parietal lobe

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10
Q

Why is Wernicke’s area mostly in the left hemispshere?

A

Bc language is mostly lateralized in the left hemisphere

language is different from speech → speech is supported by the entire motor system for vocalization

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11
Q

What would happen if the dominant (left) hemisphere of the association sensory cortex were lesioned?

A

at inferior parietal lobe at the level of the angular gyrus– alexia (inability to read written language)

at the inferior parietal lobe at the supramarginal gyrus – conduction aphasia (understand what is said, but unable to repeat)

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12
Q

Alexia vs. Dyslexia?

A

Acquired (e.g. stroke) vs Developed

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13
Q

Damage to the superior parietal lobule results in?

A

Optic ataxia (inability to accurately point or reach for objects under visual guidance in contralateral right hand

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14
Q

What would happen if the non dominant (right) hemisphere of the association sensory cortex were lesioned?

A

Would result in damage to other areas involving inferior parietal lobule

ex: Anosagnosia (lack of awareness or denial of one’s neurological deficit

ex: left visual field neglect (person has difficulty paying attention to or processing information on the left side of their visual field due to right hemisphere damage (hemineglect)

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15
Q

What are the key functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  1. Olfaction
  2. Audition
  3. Emotion
  4. Memory: the medial temporal lobe; most significant
  5. areas overlapping with inferior occipital cortex (visual perception, or the “what” pathway)
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16
Q

What are mitral cells?

A

Complex sets of olfactory receptors on different olfactory neurons that distinguish new odor from background environmental odors and determine the concentration of that odor

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17
Q

What are glomeruli?

A

clusters in the olfactory bulb that are formed by axons from the convergence olfactory sensory neurons

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18
Q

Where do Mitral cells send their axons to?

A

Anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, medial amygdala, entorhinal cortex, olfactory tubule

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19
Q

Piriform cortex purpose

A

area most closely associated with identifying odor

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20
Q

Medial amygdala purpose

A

social functions and associating an odor w/ an emotional reaction

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21
Q

Entornhinal cortex purpose

A

associated with memory

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22
Q

Early signs of Anosmia, or loss of smell, is indicative of what?

A

serious neuropsychological problems

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23
Q

What does the primary audition cortex come to represent?

A

acoustic frequencies and intensities of large range of pitched and unpitched sounds so as to permit recognition and spatial localization

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24
Q

Can unilateral damage cause deafness?

A

NO! Each auditory cortex receives information from both ears

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25
Q

What is the purpose of the auditory association cortex?

A

memory and classification of sounds (like langauge comprehension)

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26
Q

A unilateral lesion in dominant left hemisphere of auditory association cortex leads to?

A

pure word deafness (verbal auditory agnosia). This agnosia is restricted to words – patient does NOT recognize speech sounds

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27
Q

if lesion in auditory association cortex is in the posterior area, you’ll get what type of aphasia?

A

Wernicke’s

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28
Q

Unilateral lesion in the right non dominant hemisphere of the auditory association cortex will lead to?

A

non-verbal auditory agnosia-amusia (inability to recognize non-verbal sounds)

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the amygdala?

A

Attaching emotional significance to events.

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30
Q

What happens when there’s damage to the amygdala?

A

There is a marked decrease in the ability to express emotions

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31
Q

What cortical and subcortical structures of the limbic system are associated with memory?

A

Entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation

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32
Q

What happens if there is a lesion in the structures of the limbic system?

A

Anterograde memory impairment (cannot form new memories)

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33
Q

What is hyposmia?

A

reduced ability to detect odors

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34
Q

What is anosmia?

A

complete loss of sell

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35
Q

What is dysosmia?

A

distorted or altered sense of smell; includes parosmia and phantosmia

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36
Q

What is phantosmia?

A

Perception of a smell that isn’t actually there (olfactory hallucination)

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37
Q

What is parosmia?

A

distorted perception of a real odor

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38
Q

What is the uncus?

A

an anterior extremity of the parahippocampal gyrus (the part of th olfactory cortex that resides in the temporal lobe covers the uncus

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39
Q

lesions or seizures of the uncus can result in what?

A

olfacory hallucinations

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40
Q

What is retinal detachment?

A

separation of retinal cells from the layer of blood vessels that provide oxygen and nourishment to the eye

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41
Q

What are warning signs of retinal detachment?

A

reduced vision, sudden appearance of floaters and flashes of lights

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42
Q

What is trochlear nerve palsy

A

Diplopia– when walking downstairs, complaining of double vision

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43
Q

What CN does Bell’s Palsy deal with?

A

CN VII, or the facial nerve

44
Q

Mnemonic for CNs?

A

Oh, Oh, Oh, to touch and feel very green veggies, AH!

45
Q

Mnemonic for sensory, motor, or both?

A

Some say marry money, but my brother says big brains matter more

46
Q

UMN of Bell’s Palsy means that?

A

forehead is spared

47
Q

LMN of Bell’s Palsy means that?

A

forehead is weak

48
Q

Grading muscle strength scale

A

0-5
0 is no movement
5 is normal strength

49
Q

Issues with balance when eyes are OPEN means there are issues in what?

A

Cerebellum and vestibulocochlear CN

50
Q

By closing patient’s eyes and having them do a Romberg test, swaying means there’s issues with?

A

proprioception

51
Q

Cerebellum and feedback control: What do these stand for?
A
H
A
N
D
T

A

Ataxia
Hyptonia
Asynergia
Nystagmus
Dysmetria
Tremor

52
Q

Coordination and Gait testing

A

finter to nose/heel to shin testing + Romberg test

53
Q

If a person has NO caudate, this is a sign of what?

A

Huntington’s Chorea

54
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Degeneration of Substantia nigra & dopamine (less than 25% = Parkinson’s). Lack of dopamine leads to inhibition of basal ganglia (putamen and globus pllidus)

55
Q

What are symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

Bradykenisia
Retropulsion
Masked facies
Stopped Posture
Resting tremor vs intention tremor
led pipe rigidity

56
Q

What are the causes of Huntington’s disease?

A

Genetic: autosomal dominant (short arm fo chromosome 4). Overabundance of dopamine, and parts of basal ganglia specifically degenerating are caudate and nucleus

57
Q

Symptom’s of Huntington’s disease include:

A

Quick jerks, rapid movements
loose muscle tone
patient will have trouble swallowing in chronic stage due to twitching

58
Q

Symptoms of atrophy of the vermis of the cerebellum

A

Broad based gait
Can’t tandem
Speech slurring
Rapid alternating movements off
intention tremor
limb control off

59
Q

What does a coma require?

A

Damage to reticular activating system and both hemisphere’s impaired

60
Q

What manifestation of brain injury is decorticate posturing?

A

Rostral of midbrain

61
Q

What manifestation of brain injury is decerebrate posturing?

A

Caudal of midbrain (pons)

62
Q

Mental Status Exam includes tests of what?

A

Attention
Language
Memory
Visuospatial
Executive function

63
Q

What are the immediate effects of a stroke?

A

sudden difficulty speaking, blindness in one eye, numbness and/or weakness usually on one side of the body

64
Q

What are the risk factors of a stroke?

A

Hypertension, Cigarette smoking, Diabetes, Hypercholesterolemia, overweight/ no exercise

65
Q

Atherosclerosis means?

A

“Hardened vessels”

66
Q

What are plaques made of and what do they do?

A

fatty deposits of cholesterol accumulating inside arteries and blocking the lumen, reducing blood flow

67
Q

What are clots and what causes them?

A

immune cells traffic to area to remove cholesterol deposits that lead to plaques, and release substances that inevitably aids in forming the clot

68
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

clot attached to artery wall

69
Q

What is an embolism?

A

clot floating in a bloodstream

70
Q

How does an aneurysm occur?

A

when an artery wall balloons under pressure, and the weakened wall cans subsequently burst (burst aneurysms are usually fatal)

71
Q

What is a stroke?

A

an injury to the brain caused by interruption of blood flow to a focal area of brain or bleeding into or around the brain

72
Q

What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

a temporary stroke; caused by a brief interruption of blood flow to the part of the brain “mini-stroke” or “warning-stroke”

73
Q

2 main types of strokes include?

A

Ischemic (83%) and Hemorrhagic (17%)

74
Q

What is an ischemic stroke?

A

obstruction of blood vessel supplying brain by a blood clot that deprives brain of essential nutrients. If blood flow is not stored, it will lead to irreversible damage. Can lead to thrombus or embolism

75
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke is?

A

Bleeding into the brain substance or around the brain

76
Q

What are the four subtypes of ischemic strokes?

A

Atherothrombic (most common)
Cardioembolic (second most common)
Lacunar stroke (small vessel disease/ 15% of ischemic strokes)
and other causes

77
Q

What causes an atherothrombic stroke?

A

Atherosclerosis of major extra cranial and intracranial vessels

extracranial – internal carodid, vertebral arteries

intracranial– basilar, carotid siphon, orgin of middle and posterior cerebral arteries

78
Q

Balloon angioplasty is what?

A

when a balloon is inflated in the coronary artery to “squash” the plaque and widen the lumen

79
Q

What is a stent?

A

roll of wire used to hold open the coronary artery

80
Q

What is acute Ischemia?

A

Sudden onset and short duration (minutes to hours)

81
Q

Causes of acute ischemia?

A

thrombis, embolism, trauma

82
Q

What is chronic ischemia?

A

Gradual onset, long duration (months to years)

83
Q

Causes of chronic ischemia?

A

Atherosclerosis and inflammatio of blood vessels

84
Q

Causes of cardioembolic?

A

thrombus arising from heart

85
Q

Lacunar stroke (aka small vessel disease) can lead to?

A

Can lead to vascular dementia

86
Q

Cellular mechanisms of stroke

A

loss of blood supply –> leads to failure of ionic pumps and mitochondrial injury

Cellular effects lead to production of free radicals and activation of leukocytes/ influx of sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, release of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate

87
Q

What is the main symptom of the intracerebral hemorrhage?

A

“worst headache of patients life” + vomiting or nausea, focal neurological deficit (can be caused by AVM)

88
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) regulate microtuble assembly and function . . . changes in MAPs are called tau

89
Q

Cytosleketon gives a neuron it’s shape, and the bones are made of:

A

Microtubules

90
Q

Tau proteins are supposed to guide ____ to where it needs to go in your brain

A

nutrients

91
Q

What gene increases the risk of late onset AD?

A

ApoE4

92
Q

What are mutations on Tau linked to?

A

Fronto-Temporal Dementia

93
Q

What is the role that microglia play in alzheimer’s disease?

A

release inflammatory proteins and attempts to clean up damage caused by beta-amyloid plaques but actually seem to contribute to spread

94
Q

What are treatment options of AD?

A

Cholinergic replacement and anti-amyloid agents

95
Q

What are picks bodies?

A

abnormal clumps of tau protein inside neurons

96
Q

Is Pick’s disease early or late onset?

A

Early (40’s-60’s)

97
Q

FTD symptoms include?

A

changes in personality, behavior, language, motor skill. behavioral variant is most common and can cause disinhibition, apathy, loss of empathy

98
Q

After AD what is the most common type of dementia?

A

Vascular dementia

99
Q

What is vascular dementia caused by?

A

strokes or damage to blood vessels

100
Q

What are the causes of acute dementia?

A

Delirium (intoxications)
Metabolitic abnormalities (renal failure, substrate deficiencies like B12, hypthyroidism)
Depression (pseudodementia)
Infection agents (fungal meningitis/ HIV/ Neurosyphilis

101
Q

Difference between focal and obtuse TBI

A

focal is confined to one area of the brain and diffuse happens in more than one area

102
Q

location of brain tumors in adults vs children

A

cerebral hemispheres vs brainstem and cerebellum

103
Q

Amygdala is the trigger structure for emotion from ______ inducers

A

primary

104
Q

OFC/VM prefrontal cortex is the trigger structure for emotion from _______ inducers

A

secondary

105
Q

emotion vs feeling

A

emotion: what an outside observer can see or measure
feeling: what the individual senses or subjectively reports

Neuropsychology (9 decks)

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