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Neuropsychology > 7a and 8a Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

7a and 8a Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Motor Cortex– purpose and which lobe?

A

Frontal lobe, control of skeletal muscles

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2
Q

Somatosensory Cortex– purpose and which lobe?

A

Parietal lobe, sense of touch

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3
Q

Sensory association cortex– purpose and which lobe?

A

Parietal lobe, integration of sensory information

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4
Q

Visual association cortex– purpose and which lobe?

A

Occipital lobe, combining images and object recognition

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5
Q

Visual Cortex– purpose and which lobe?

A

Occipital lobe, processing visual stimuli and pattern recognition

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6
Q

Wernicke’s Area– purpose and which lobe?

A

Temporal lobe, comprehending language

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7
Q

Primary auditory cortex– purpose and which lobe?

A

Temporal lobe, hearing

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8
Q

Broca’s area– purpose and which lobe?

A

Frontal lobe, forming speech

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9
Q

Prefrontal Cortex– purpose and which lobe?

A

Frontal lobe, decision making, planning

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10
Q

What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus (bounds frontal posteriorly and parietal anteriorly)

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11
Q

What sulcus separates the frontal and temporal lobes?

A

Lateral (sylvian) sulcus (bounds frontal inferiorly and temporal superiorly)

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12
Q

What sulcus separates the parietal and temporal lobes?

A

Lateral (sylvian) sulcus (bounds parietal inferiorly and temporal superiorly)

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13
Q

What sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus (posterior to parietal and anterior to occipital)

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14
Q

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

A “made up” sulcus separating the occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal sulcus, beginning at the preoccipital notch and traveling up

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15
Q

What lobe is the calcarine sulcus located in?

A

Occipital lobe

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16
Q

Brodmann’s Areas 44, 45?

A

Broca’s Area

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17
Q

Brodmann’s Area 22?

A

Primary auditory cortex

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18
Q

Brodmann’s Areas 1, 2, 3?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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19
Q

Brodmann’s Area 4?

A

Primary motor cortex

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20
Q

Brodmann’s Areas 39, 40?

A

Wernicke’s Area

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21
Q

Brodmann’s Area 17?

A

Primary visual cortex

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22
Q

What will a lesion of the primary motor cortex result in?

A

Varied degrees of focal paralysis in the contralateral side of the body or face

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23
Q

What is the premotor cortex’s (PMC) role in the brain?

A
  • involved in initiating movements
  • concerned with coordinating motor plans related to external ques
  • activity greater in response to external cues than internally generated plans
24
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the premotor cortex?

A

Inputs: parietal lobe, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex

Outputs: primary motor cortex

25
Q

What would a lesion in the premotor cortex result in?

A

Impairments in motor learning and execution

26
Q

What does the Supplementary motor area control?

A
  • SMA and the more lateral PMC neurons control the activity of the primary motor cortex neurons
27
Q

What are the inputs and the outputs of the supplementary motor area control?

A

Inputs: prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia

Outputs: primary motor cortex

28
Q

What would a lesion in the SMA result in?

A

Akinetic mutism, or the inability to follow command of voluntary movement, including speech

29
Q

What areas of the brain are considered the prefrontal cortex?

A

Areas of the frontal lobe located anterior to the motor functional areas

30
Q

From where do the PMC and the SMA both receive inputs from?

A

Prefrontal cortex

31
Q

When is the prefrontal cortex most active?

A

When planning behaviors and when new motor skills are being acquired

32
Q

Where is the frontal eye field located?

A

Frontal lobe

33
Q

What is the function of the frontal eye field?

A

voluntary lateral, or horizontal, gaze

34
Q

What happens if the frontal eye field is lesioned?

A
  • eyes will turn to the side of the lesion
  • patient cannot gaze voluntarily to contralateral side
35
Q

Doll’s Eye maneuver, can rule out which CN damage?

A

CN III, IV, VI, and VIII (damage to the brainstem)

36
Q

What are the five basic senses?

A

Salt, sour, bitter, sweet, umami

37
Q

What is the path of taste signal?

A
  • CN 7, 9, 10 → Medulla (via Nuclear Solitary tract) → some to thalamus, some to limbic regions (amygdala) → orbitofrontal cortex
38
Q

What is the orbitofrontal cortex thought to be involved in?

A

Processing the reward value of food and the resulting motivation to eat food

39
Q

When does transduction from odor to neural signal begin?

A

When the odorant attaches to a receptor in the olfactory epithelium

40
Q

What is the path of transduction of an odor?

A
  • olfactory epithelium → olfactory bulbs (via tiny olfactory nerves) → primary olfactory cortex → orbitofrontal cortex
41
Q

What’s another name for the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

secondary olfactory cortex

42
Q

What is the primary olfactory cortex’s purpose?

A

detects a change in external odor

43
Q

What is the purpose of the secondary olfactory cortex?

A

Identifying the smell itself

44
Q

What is the path of the visual pathway?

A

Optic nerve → optic chiasm → optic tract → lateral geniculate → optic radiations → primary visual cortex

45
Q

What percent of optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm?

A
  • 50% cross from the medial half of the retina
  • 50% do not cross from the lateral half of the retina
46
Q

Incoming fibers from the lower retina:
a. stay inferior
b. are superior

A

a. stay inferior

47
Q

Which fibers from the retina form Meyer’s loop?

A

lower retina

48
Q

Where is Meyer’s loop?

A

Temporal lobe

49
Q

Incoming fibers from the upper retina stay:
a. inferior
b. superior

A

b. superior

50
Q

Fibers from the upper retina travel in what lobe?

A

Parietal lobe

51
Q

True or False? Lesions in the lower part of the retina system (Meyer’s loop, temporal white matter) lead to upper visual field defects

A

True

52
Q

True or False? Lesions in the upper part of the retina system (parietal white matter) lead to upper visual field defects?

A

False

53
Q

In the primary visual cortex, if a lesion is in the upper calcarine, does it lead to a lower field defect or an upper field defect?

A

Lower field defect. Likewise, lesions in the lower calcarine lead to upper field defects

54
Q

What are the different ways to test visual fields?

A
  • Perimetry (done with a computer) and Confrontation method (done with fingers)
55
Q
A

Neuropsychology (9 decks)

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