TN 1.4 (Indus Valley Civilization) Flashcards
themes
-harappan sites
- religion related info
ex. is it secular civilization? - agri related info
ex. cotton was used for manufacturing textiles
-(Ancient site) & (Archaeological
finding)
-Animals present in harappan seal and terracotta art
ex.
enlist all harappan sites
- Kalibangan,
- Lothal,
- Rakhi Garhi
- Dholavira
- Harappa
- Mohenjo daro
- Chahudaro
- Banawali
- surkotada
(https://cdn3.edurev.in/ApplicationImages/Temp/1537644_8f70d8e3-cee0-4a9b-86d4-6bd672d3c91f_lg.png)
all Ancient sites & archeological findings with innovator
1)Harappa by Dayaram saini
12 granaries –city of granaries, clay figurines of Mother Goddess
2)Mohenjo-Daro by R.D. Banerjee
Great Granary, Great Bath, bronze image of women dancer, image of bearded man, seal of Pasupathi
3)Chahudaro by M.G.Majumdar
City with no citadel, no bricks only stones, Ink pot, terracotta model of bullock cart
4)Kalibangan by Dr.A.Ghosh
Fire altars. Decorated bricks, ploughed field, Mesopotamian cylindrical seal.
5)Lothal by S.R.RAU
Dockyard, rice husk, terracotta horse, double burial, bead making centre
6)Banawali by Dr. Bist
No grid planning and drainage system, toy plough.
7)Surkotada by Jagapati Joshi
Bones of horse, pot burials
8)Dholavira by Dr. Bist
Stadium, longest inscription, water harvesting system with unique features, city divided
which Civilisation represents the
first phase of urbanisation in India?
Indus Civilisation
why is it known as harappan civilisation?
-harappa was 1st site to be found
Time period of harappan phases?
Early Harappan 3000–2600 BCE
Mature Harappan 2600–1900 BCE
Late Harappan 1900–1700 BCE
which director general of ASI understood the importance of these sites?
John marshal
boundaries of civilization?
Sutkagen-dor(west)-> Pakistan–Iran border;
Shortugai (Afghanistan)-> north;
Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh)-> east
Daimabad (Maharashtra)-> south
features of Town Planning and structures.in harappan civilization?
•city had two parts-> on raised platform, (Upper citadel) ->had important residential
structures. & lower town ( lower citadel.)
• Grid system followed in arrangement of houses and roads.
• Used Burnt bricks
• Great Bath, served as ritual bathing, found in upper citadel of Mohenjo-Daro.
• A large granary in Mohenjo-Daro and six granaries in Harappa.
• Two roomed barracks in Harappa, which possibly accommodated labourers.
• Drainage system
-Houses had 1+ floor.
-fortified towns
Agriculture in harappan civilization?
- fertile->otherwise it would not have supported towns and villages.
- The crops grown were wheat, Barley, peas, seasum, mustard. Lothal-> rice.
- Indus people were the first to produce cotton.
- structures used to store water- Gabarbands or nalas.Used canal & well irrigation
- Harappans used ploughs ->ploughed fields found at kalibangan.
- adopted a double cropping system.
- domesticated sheep, goat, fowl(hen).
Trade in harappan civilization
- Indus valley people had both short and long-distance trade, and also foreign trade.
- They used boats and bullock-carts for transportation.
- No use of metallic currency, but practised barter system of exchange.
- Developed uniform system of weights and measures.
- Seals and sealings were used in trade, as marks of ownership meant to guarantee the quality of the product.
-with mesopotemia,Oman, Bahrain, and Iraq
and Iran.
-harappa mentioned as Meluhha in inscription
Domestication of Animals
-Some form of Mixed farming was practised in Harappan Civilization.
- large scale- Oxen, buffaloes, goats, sheep Pigs,fowl(hen)
- Dogs and cats were domesticated.
- Humped bulls ,asses and camels -> beasts of burden.
- ambiguous evidence of Horse reported from Surkotada, Mohenjo-Daro and from Lothal-> horse is said to be unknown in other sources
- Harappans were well known of Elephants and rhinoceros
- Harappan cattle are called Zebu. It is a large breed, often represented in their seals.
- ate fish and birds. Evidence of boar, deer and gharial.
Craft production
- Bead and ornament making, shell bangle making and metalworking-> major crafts
- acquainted with Bronze (copper+Tin) -> bronze smiths considered imp artisans.
- beads and ornaments out of carnelian(reddish variety of stone), jasper(precious stone in yellow, red and brown colour), crystal, and steatite, metals like copper, bronze and gold and shell, faience and terracotta or burnt clay -> exported to mesopotemia
- brick laying imp art
- Boat making, Bead-making, seal making and terracotta manufacture
- jewellery of gold & silver were made.
pottery
-used well-fired pottery.
-potteries have a deep red slip and
black paintings.
-design : pipal leaves, fish-scale design,zigzag lines, horizontal bands and geometrical motifs with floral and faunal patterns
Metals, Tools and Weapons
-belong to bronze age -> knew
how to make copper and bronze tools.
- had no knowledge of iron
- chert blades(chert is fine grained rock & rohri is region in pakistan), copper objects, and bone and ivory tools
