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History- Ancient > TN 1 > Flashcards

TN 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Themes

A
  • chronology of appearance
    ex. gold coins,iron plough
  • what was in use in which century
    ex. surgical instruments,organ transplant

-play : writer

-civilization : its features
ex.Harappan Civilization-Painted Grey
Ware

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2
Q

enlist emergence of all elements here

A

..

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3
Q

things in use in every century

A

..

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4
Q

all plays : writers

A

..

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5
Q

What are the categories & respective sites of prehistory?

A

1)Paleolithic
Early old stone age- Belan valley in Mirzapur (U.P).
Middle Palaeolithic – valley of Narmada and Tungabhadra.
Upper Palaeolithic- Bhimbetka caves, Gujarat dunes Andhra, Karnataka etc.
2)meso
Tilwara and Bajor (largest Mesolithic site in India), Rajasthan.
Sites like Langhnaj, river sabramati, Narmada valley.
Bhimbetka and Adamgar.
Sarai Nahar Rai (U.P)
Sangankallu (Kar) and Renigunta (AP)
3)neo
Burzahom and Gufkral (J&K)
Chopani mandu, Koldihawa (Belan Valley, UP). (earliest evidence of pottery and farming in India
Chirand and senuwar in Bihar.
Deojali Hading, (North cachar Hills, Assam).
Sangankallu, Nagarjuna konda, Maski, Brahmagiri in South India.

4)chalco
Banas culture
Kayatha culture, Chambal region.
Malwa culture.
Jorwe culture
Daimabad-large number of bronze goods
Inamgaon- largest site, Big House with granary near-by Malwa- bull terracottas symbolizing religious cult.
Gungeria- largest hoard of copper tools and weapon.
Ganeshwar- close to copper Khetri mines
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6
Q

What are the categories & economic conditions of prehistory?

A

1)Paleolithic
Man lived on Hunting and food gathering.
Old stone age was almost Ice age. Limiting the flora and fauna variety.

2)meso
Hunting, food gathering and fishing.
Domestication of cattle started.

3)neo
Domestication of cattle and plants.
Settled and sedentary life.
Crops like Rice, Wheat and Ragi were grown.

4)chalco
Technology wise, the culture had seen progress.
Settled agriculture practise.

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7
Q

What are the categories & respective artefacts with sites of prehistory?

A

1)Paleolithic
Hand axes, cleavers.
Flakes -scrappers made of flakes, borers and blade like tools.
Blades and burins

sites : are found more in Central
India and in south-eastern part of India -> bcoz high rain
almost whole india except in a few regions
of the Ganges valley, southern Tamil Nadu
and in the hilly areas of the Western Ghats.

Upper Palaeolithic:
blade and bone tool technologies. Microliths (tiny stone tools) introduced made using different varieties of silica-rich raw materials
site : kurnool caves andhra
-paintings,beads & ornaments found.

2)meso
Microliths- small tools used in addition to few old stone age tools -> enabled them to kill small animals

rock paintings@ :
Bhimbetka near Bhopal, Raisen and Pachmarhi in Madhya Pradesh and South Mirzapur

3)neo
Regional & temporal variations in the Neolithic artefacts that were found.
Polished stone tools with sharp cutting edges.
Beehive type of hutments, common hearths, querns and mullers.
Specialised tools like chisels, celts and adzes.
Different forms of pottery.
Animal bones and food grains

4)chalco
Stone and copper tools.
Terracotta bangles and beads.
Terracotta animal figurines.
Stone querns and pestles.
Copper hoards- harpoon, celts, rings, axes.
Ochre coloured Pottery (OCP), Black & Red Ware, PGW pottery.

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8
Q

What are the categories & respective sites of prehistory?

PS : Sites mhnje ithe to manus rahayacha ; sites of artefacts mhnje tithe tyane banavlele tools sapadlet.

A

1)Paleolithic
Early old stone age- Belan valley in Mirzapur (U.P)

Middle Palaeolithic – valley of Narmada and Tungabhadra,Godavari, Krishna, Yamuna

Upper Palaeolithic- Bhimbetka caves, Gujarat dunes Andhra, Karnataka etc. Meralbhavi in Karnataka, Kurnool caves in Andhra Pradesh, Godavarikhani in Telangana, Baghor I and Baghor III of Son Valley in Madhya Pradesh and Patne in Maharashtra.

2)meso
Tilwara and Bajor (largest Mesolithic site in India), Rajasthan.
Sites like Langhnaj, river sabramati, Narmada valley.
Bhimbetka and Adamgar.
Sarai Nahar Rai (U.P)
Sangankallu (Kar) and Renigunta (AP)
Mumbai,vishakhapatnam

3)neo
Burzahom and Gufkral (J&K)
Chopani mandu, Koldihawa (Belan Valley, UP). (earliest evidence of pottery and farming in India : Chirand and senuwar in Bihar. Deojali Hading, (North cachar Hills, Assam).
Sangankallu, Nagarjuna konda, Maski, Brahmagiri in South India.
Mehrgarh, Rana Ghundai, Sarai Kala and Jalilpur are some of the Neolithic sites.
4)chalco
Banas culture
Kayatha culture, Chambal region.
Malwa culture.
Jorwe culture
Daimabad-large number of bronze goods
Inamgaon- largest site, Big House with granary near-by Malwa- bull terracottas symbolizing religious cult.
Gungeria- largest hoard of copper tools and weapon.
Ganeshwar- close to copper Khetri mines

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9
Q

What are the categories & economic conditions of prehistory?

A

1)Paleolithic
Man lived on Hunting and food gathering.
Old stone age was almost Ice age. Limiting the flora and fauna variety.Lived in open air,river valleys,rock shelters

Middle Palaeolithic :occupied open-air, cave and rock shelter sites. They were hunter-gatherers.
� The tools became smaller.
� The decrease in the use of hand axes
� Use of chert, jasper, chalcedony and quartz

2)meso
Hunting, food gathering and fishing.
Domestication of cattle started.
people used fire for roasting food

3)neo
Domestication of cattle and plants.
Settled and sedentary life.
Crops like Rice, Wheat and Ragi were grown i.e.AGRICULTURE BEGUN

4)chalco
Technology wise, the culture had seen progress.
Settled agriculture practise.

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10
Q

What are the categories & Social aspects of prehistory?

A

1)Paleolithic
They inhabited in Caves and rock shelters.
Social groupings formed the basis for hunting.
Division of work based on gender is evident.

2)meso
Paintings on the caves in Bhimbetka and Adamgarh reflect the social life of the people.
They depict activities like sexual union, child birth, child rearing and burial ceremony.
Society became stable compared to Palaeolithic people.
-lived in semipermanent and temporary settlements.
-buried dead
-had artistic skills

3)neo
Transformation of social life from nomadic to settled life.
Social differences emerged but not so distinct.
Birth and death became an important event in social life.

4)chalco
Social inequalities started emerging.
Community life transforming into a family life.
Settlement size and variety in the size and shapes of houses.

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11
Q

which are two independent cultural traditions of hand axe (Acheulian) and pebble-flake (Sohanian) industries confirmed in India?

A

1) Acheulian industry mainly had hand axes and cleavers.
2) The Sohan industry is considered to have used only chopper and chopping tools. The Sohan industry gets its name from the Sohan river valley of Pakistan

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12
Q

which is the only existing fossil find of human ancestors in India?

A

at Hathnora near Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh. The cranium is named Narmada human.

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13
Q 
The earliest evidence for drilling
human tooth (of a living person) has been found at? What caused dental problems?
A
  • Mehrgarh

- From the Neolithic period, people began to eat ground grain and cooked food -> caused dental issues.

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14
Q

neolithic sites location

A

SS#287

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15
Q

features of neolithic cultures of mehrgarh(northwestern neolithic site)?

A
  • cultivated : wheat,barley
  • domesticated :goat,sheep
  • did not use pottery -> pottery evident in 2nd&3rd phase(5500-3500 BCE)
  • Terracotta figurines and glazed faience beads found
  • Long-distance trade was practiced, as revealed by Lapis Lazuli(semi precous blue stone), which is available only in Badakshan.
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16
Q

Neolithic Culture of Kashmir / Burzahom(imp kashmiri site)

A
  • lived in pit houses (about four metres in depth) -> to escape cold
  • domestic sheep, goat and cultivated plants
  • Trade with harappan people & use of lentil suggests that contacts had been established with Central Asia
  • evidence of menhirs(man-made upright stone),metal objects
17
Q

which are the 2 phases of Neolithic culture?

A

-aceramic and ceramic phases. Aceramic phase did not have evidence of ceramics. Ceramic phase shows evidence for the existence of pottery.

18
Q

The Neolithic Culture of Ganges

Valley and Central India

A

1) sites : at Lehuradeva, and Chopani Munda.
2) cordmarked pottery & plant and animal domestication-> Koldiwa, Chirand, Senuwar and Mahagara
3) central india sites : six-rowed barley, several types of wheat, rice, pea, green gram, and gram/chicken pea.

19
Q

Neolithic Culture of Eastern India

A
  • Birbhanpur and Chirand

- with Kuchai, Golbaisasan and Sankarjang

20
Q

Neolithic Culture of South India

A

-andhra,karnataka,northwestern TN
-found ash mounds in the centre with settlements around them.
-in the river valleys of Godavari, Krishna, Pennaru, Tungabhadra and Kaveri.
- Sanganakallu, Tekkalakota, Brahmagiri,
Maski, Piklihal, Watkal, Hemmige and Hallur
in Karnataka
- Nagarjunakonda, Ramapuram
and Veerapuram in Andhra Pradesh and
-Paiyyampalli in Tamil

21
Q

Neolithic Culture of North-eastern India

A

-Asaam :Daojali Hading and Sarutaru sites

22
Q

Sources of History from indian literature

A

Vedic Literature- Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads, Vedangas and Upvedas.
• Puranas: Stories of kings and gives genealogies of the various dynasties.
• Epics: Ramayana, Mahabharata.
• Sangam literature – Tolkappiyam, Ettuogai, Pattupattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, Silpadikarm and Manimekkalai.
• Plays: by Kalidas; and other writings of Navaratnas in the court of Guptas
-Visakha Datta: Mudra Rakshas; Gupta period, Chanakya-Chandragupta story
• Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa: Buddhist books written in Sri Lanka; Ashoka spread
• Divyavadan: Tibetan Buddhist book, Ashoka spread.

23
Q

Sources of History from foreign literature

A
  1. Magasthenes (Greek) ->Indica
    - > Valuable information on Administration and socio-economic conditions of Mauryas
  2. Ptolemy (Greek) ->Geography of India
    - >Geographical treatise on India in 2nd Century AD
  3. Pliny (Greek)->Naturakus Historia
    - > Accounts trade relations between Rome and India in 1st Century AD
  4. Anonymous (Greek)
    - > Periplus of the Erythrean Sea
    - >Records personal voyage of Indian coasts in 80 A.D.
  5. Fa-Hien (Chinese)
    - >Record of the Buddhist Countries (Fo-Kuoki)
    - >Records the Gupta Empire in the 5th Century AD
  6. Hiuen Tsang (Chinese)
    - >Buddhist Records of the Western World (Si-Yu-Ki)
    - >Describes the social, economic and religious conditions of India in the 5th and 7th Century AD. (Harshvardhan)
  7. I-tsing (Chinese)
    - >A record of the Buddhists religion as practiced in India and Malay Archipelago.
    - >Studies the Gupta period under Sri Gupta in the 7th Century AD.
  8. Hwuili (Chinese)
    - >Life of Hiuen Tsang
    - >Accounts Hiuen Tsang’s travel in India.
24
Q

Important findings in the sites of pre-historic period

A

1)Bhimbetka
Homo Sapiens’ Cave 500 painted Rock Shelters (MH)(Prominently Mesolithic site)

2)Mirzapur
Shows that goats and sheep were exploited during Palaeolithic phase

3)Atranjikhera
Textile printing

4)Hastinapur
Wild Sugarcane

5)Inamgaon
Statue of mother Goddess (MH)

6)Mehargarh
Earliest evidence of agriculture, settled life, evidence of Dentistry (Baluchistan) (Neolithic)

7)Koldihawa
Earliest evidence of rice

8)Bagor and Adamgarh
Earliest evidences of Domestication of animal (Rajasthan)

9)Chirand
Serpant cult (Bihar)

10)Burzahom
Pit-dwelling and domestic dog was buried with their masters in grave.

11)Gulfkral
Pit-dwelling (J&K)

12)Neolithic sites of South India
Unique feature to have ash mound onmany sites like Piklihal, Maski, Hallur etc.

History- Ancient (5 decks)

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