Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 351C > TMS and Perception > Flashcards

TMS and Perception Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

who was the 1st scientific psychologist? What were 2 things he measured ?

A

Donders (1818-1889)

  1. mental chronometry: measuring how long a cognitive process takes
  2. Reaction - time experiment: measures interval between stimulus presentation and persons response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

with what 2 tasks did Donders measure rxn time with?

A
  1. simple RT task: participant pushes a button quickly after a light appears
  2. Choice RT task: participant pushes one button if light is on right side and another if on left
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is Donders subtraction method?

A

choice RT- Simple RT = time to make a decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much longer for choice RT than simple RT ?

A

0.1 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Donders 2 assumptions for the subtraction method?

A
  1. Assumption of serial stages: The stages of processing need to happen one after each other
  2. Assumption of pure insertion: Adding an additional stage does not change the length of the other stages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mental processes/contents cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from a participants behaviour. Who is this?

A

Donders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Savings curve method for studying forgetting. Who?

A

Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is Ebbinghaus saving method?

A

% savings = (initial reps - relearning reps)/ initial reps

–> the % fewer reps it took the second time doing the task (they remembered some)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

% savings is most evident in the first __ days and then plateaus

A

6 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

who proposed computability

A

alan turing (1912-1954)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

anything that can be computed is computable buy a simple ‘universal machine’ the turing machine

A

computability - alan turing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

to the extent that what the in does compute, it can be specified as a computer program (represent what is going on in the mind on the computer)

A

computability - alan turing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

“i date the moment of conception of cognitive science as 11 september, 1956, the second day of a symposium organized by a special interest group in information theory at the Massachusetts institute of technology”

A 
george miller (2003) 
--> he introduced cognitive science
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mental functions can be explained by the use of experiments following the scientific method

A

cognitivism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cognition consists of internal mental states whose manipulation can be described in terms algorithms

A

cognitivism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the scientific study of how people perceive, learn, remember and think about information

A

cognitive psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does cognitive psychology reject as a primary tool

- what does it accept?

A

introspection

- accepts the existence of internal mental states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what was the 1st cognitive psychology test book?

A

Neisser’s Cognitive Psychology (1967)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

who proposed phrenology

A 
franz joseph gall (1758-1828)
johann spurzheim (1776-1832)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of phrenology

A
  1. brain is the organ of the mind (before this they thought heart was)
  2. composite parts, with specific faculties
  3. area size indicates ‘strength’ of faculty
  4. size evident in skull (bumps, prominents, depressions)
    - -> bump meant bigger there
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in phrenology, they proposed there were ___ traits localized in distinct organs

  • 19 common to humans and animals including ? (4)
  • 8 uniquely human including ? (5)
A
  • 27
  • reproductive instinct, courage, sense of colour, sense of space
  • wisdom, vanity, love of glory, satire, love of god and religion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

phrenology is opposite from ? (2)

A
  1. anti-localizationists: argued brain regions are an indivisible unit
  2. anti materialists: argued mental/ spiritual faculties are not organic matter (not tied to the mind)
    - -> the things are actually correct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how did Paul Broca contribute to localization in the brain

A
  • speech loss not due to paralysis

- loss of memory of movements needed to pronounce words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where is Brocas area?

A

left frontal lobe

25
Q

how did Carl Wernicke contribute to localization in the brain

A

-cases of lost of speech comprehension

26
Q

where is wernickes area?

A

left temporal lobe

27
Q

paul broca and wernicke studied using what method?

A

the lesion method

28
Q

implications of Brocas and Wernickes discoveries (2)

A
  1. shift towards ‘ physiologically’ real functions (motoric and sensorial)
  2. localization of higher mental functions
29
Q

3 characteristics of cognitive neuropsychology

A
  1. identifies the mechanisms that underlie cognition by studying the effects of brain damage (lesions)
  2. localizes these mechanisms to particular neural structures or processes
  3. identifies the functions of brain regions
30
Q

timeline of non-invasive techniques to image the human brains

A

-ERP: 1935
-PET: 1975
-TMS: 1985
-fMRI: 1991
(exploded in the 80s and 90s)

31
Q

the term cognitive neuroscience was coined by ______ and ________ in the back seat of a new york city taxi toward the end of the 1970

A

george miller and micheal gazzangia

32
Q

2 basic goals of cognitive neuroscience

A
  1. determine how the brain mediates cognition and behaviour

2. relate neural structures to menta functions

33
Q

what is fMRI measuring

A

blood oxygen levels in brain

34
Q

what are ERPs measuring

A

electrical fields at the scalp

35
Q

is fMRI invasive? is single unit recording invasive?

A

no, yes

36
Q

what are the risks of TMS? ERP?

A
  • muscle twitches, seizures,

- gel in hair

37
Q

frames per second

A

temporal resolution

38
Q

how is ERP data typically analyzed?

A

difference in average response between conditions time-locked to an event

39
Q

how is fMRI data typically analyzed?

A

voxel by voxel, or multi-voxel pattern analysis

40
Q

magnussen and stevens, and Thompson: early attempt at neurostimulation struggled to generate the necessary field strength. this is the history of what??

A

TMS

41
Q

when was the first successful TMS on the human brain? what was it on?

A

1985, on motor cortex

- by barker, jalinous and freeston

42
Q

—– manipulates brain by inducing neural activity

A

TMS

43
Q

is TMS localized? it is specific?

A

yes, no

44
Q

TMS can activate regions inducing? and inhibit regions inducing?

A
  • muscle movements, phosphenes

- impaired movements, scotomas

45
Q

what are 6 risks of TMS

A
  1. seizure induction
  2. Hearing loss (loud click- 90-130dB, 2-7hz)
  3. local neck pain and headaches (stim of local muscles and nerves) (frontotemporal regions particularly)
  4. Effect on mood in normal (site and freq dependent)
  5. Long term effects
  6. Effect on cognition (better verbal mem, improved delayed recall ad better rxn time)
46
Q

high freq of TMS to what lobes may worsen and better mood?

A
  • left frontal = worsen

- right frontal - improve

47
Q

what TMS coil type is more ideal?

A

the 2- donught shaped one because the electrical field strength is localized in the middle of the 2 where they meet

48
Q

aas frequency of TMS (hz) increases, what happens to duration?

A

it decreases, not safe otherwise

49
Q

what are contraindications to TMS?

A
  1. metallic hardware near coil
  2. history of seizures
  3. medicines which reduce seizure threshold
  4. pregnancy
  5. previous head trauma
  6. substance abuse
  7. brain surgery
  8. other medical/neurological disorders
50
Q

4 guidelines to conducting TMS (prior to testing)

A
  1. safety screening
  2. informed consent (disclosure of all significant risks)
  3. potential benefit must outweigh risk
  4. equal distribution of risk
    (vulnerable population should be avoided)
51
Q

what is the temporal resolution of single pulse TMS? and for rTMS?

A
  • 1 ms

- depends on duration of pulse train –> ranging from <1s - 1 min

52
Q

what is often used as a reference point for intensity of TMS

A

motor threshold (lowest power needed to induce a movement)

53
Q

what areas can you not stimulate?

A

medial or subcortical areas

54
Q

why might effects not be localized?

A

spread of activation
- connected effects (multiple areas activate when one is stimulated) and paradoxical effects (interfering with one area can show improvements in other areas)

55
Q

describe how one would use TMS to map in space

A

move the TMS around zapping different areas of the brain in order to map out how the brain is organized (lesioning different parts

56
Q

describe how one would use TMS to map in time

A

look at when things are happening instead of where, ie, how long after a stimulus is given does the motor cortex activate

57
Q

inferring timing of neural processing

A

chronometry

58
Q

infer the role of brain area by resulting deficit

A

virtual lesion

59
Q

infer connectivity between brain areas by effects of spreading activation

A

functional connectivity

PSYCH 351C (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions