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PSYCH 351C > Lesions and Language > Flashcards

Lesions and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

brocas aphasia damage to what?

A
  • inferior frontal gyrus
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2
Q

wernickes aphasia damage to what ?

A
  • superior temporal gyrus
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3
Q

2 aims of cognitive neuroscience

A
  1. to identify processes that underlie NORMAL cognition

2. to localize these processes to particular neural structures/systems

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4
Q

what does the lesion method allows us to do

A

look at what would normally be going on in a specific brain area, localize the processes as well as how the processes are organized

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5
Q

infer what mental processes a brain area implements by observing what behavioural deficit a patient shows when that brain area is damaged

A

lesion method

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6
Q

understanding the mind by studying the brain - traditional approach was to use the lesion method

A

cognitive neuropsychology

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7
Q

what is the assumption in cognitive neurospychology

A
  • localization of function/modularity

- -> each mental process is carried out by a particular part of the brain

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8
Q

what are the pros of single case studies (2)

A
  • one patient can be studied in great detail

- allows the study of extremely rare conditions

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9
Q

what are the cons of single case studies

A
  • the pattern observed for one individual may not be representative of ppl in general (may have atypical brain)
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10
Q

what are the pros of group studies

A
  1. avoids conclusions based on a single patient

2. more generalizable to the population at large

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11
Q

what are the cons of group studies

A

the group average may not reflect particular patient (half could be good and half could be bad, is that really reflective the average? )

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12
Q

3 ways to damage brain cells

A
  1. deprive them of oxygen and nutrients
  2. damage them mechanically
  3. subarachnoid hemorrhage
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13
Q

how do cells get damaged from deprivation of oxygen and nutrients

A

ischemia: blood flow cut off
deprivation >10 minutes = cells die
-

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14
Q

what is an area of dead tissue called

A

lesion or infarct

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15
Q

3 ways to damage cells mechanically

A
  1. blow to the head or penetrating object
    - - direct damage
  2. increase intracranial pressure
    - – cells are squashed
  3. surgical removal of brain tissue
    - – cells are deliberately removed
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16
Q

what is an subarachnoid hemorrhage

- what can it lead to (3)

A

rupture of a cerebral artery

  • can lead to ischemia
  • can result in subdural hemotoma (a clot=increase pressure)
  • blood block drainage of CSF from the ventircles (causes increased intracranial pressure)
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17
Q

a cerebral infarct is due to a ________, an excessive discharge of blood

A

hemorrhage

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18
Q

5 major causes of brain damage

A
  1. head injuries
  2. cerebrovascular causes
  3. brain tumors
  4. neurotoxins
  5. neurolgical diseases
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19
Q

brain injuries in which the skull is penetrated

A

open head injuries

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20
Q

a blow to the head

- acceleration and deceleration of the brain inside the skull

A

closed head injuries

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21
Q

can sometimes lead to very diffuse damage but sometimes focal

A

closed head injuries

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22
Q

3 things head injuries can cause

A
  • direct structural damage
  • damage to cerebral vasculature (subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma)
  • cerebral edema (swelling)
  • -> collection of fluid around damaged tissue, increased intracranial pressure (more squashing)
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23
Q

2 cerebrovascular causes of damage

A
  1. cerebrovascular blockages - lead to ischemia or hemorrhage (thrombosis, embolism, arteriosclerosis)
  2. aneurysms- vascular dialation resulting from local defects in blood vessel elasticity
  3. also stroke and infarct
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24
Q

sudden appearance of neurological syptoms as a result of severe interruption of blood flow

A

stroke (can cause an infarct)

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25
Q

location of damage depends on ?

A

the artery that is blocked or damage

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26
Q

a mass of new tissue that persists and grows independently of its surrounding structures and has no physiological use

A

tumor

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27
Q

a tumor that arises from glial cells

and is ____and _____

A

gliomas

- malignant and infiltrating

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28
Q

a tumor from growths attached tot he meninges

A

meningiomas

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29
Q

a tumor that established by a transfer of tumor cells from elsewhere in the body

A

metastatic

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30
Q

meningiomas are _____ and _______

A

benign and encapsulated

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31
Q

metastatic tumors are ____ and ______

A

malignant and infiltrating

32
Q

exposure to natural or manmade toxic substance - alters normal activity of nervous system disrupting or killing neurons and glia

A

neurotoxicity

33
Q

neurotoxicity can result from exposure to ? (5)

A
  1. radiation or chemotherapy
  2. heavy metals (lead or mercury)
  3. drugs
  4. certain foods or additives
  5. industrial and or cleaning solvents
34
Q

neurotoxins often result in ____ brain damage

A

diffuse

35
Q

some neurotoxins can produce very specific damage (2)

A
  1. alcohol– mamilary bodies (karsakoffs amnesia)

2. MPTP (related to heroin)- substantia nigra (drug- induced parkinsonism)

36
Q

_______ causes widespread cortical degeneration, and _______ causes degeneration of substantia nigra

A

alzhemiers

parkinsons

37
Q

overall smaller size of brain, shrinking of gyri, widening of sulci

A

alzhemiers

38
Q

5 issues with lesion method

A
  1. preexisting patient variability (age, ese, education, intelligence)
  2. variability of lesion(location size etiology), accidents of nature not controlled
  3. poor temporal and spatial resolution!
  4. compensatory strategies: patients may use alternative strategies that normally depend on damaged areas
  5. fibers of passage- damaged in an area not directly involved in a task
39
Q

what is the wernicke lichtheim geschwind model?

  • what is it built on?
  • based on?
A

a theory / model of how langauge is implemented in the brain

  • built on the early wor of broca, wernicke and lichtheim in the 1800
  • based on lesion studies of aphasia
40
Q

what is the pathway for spoken language perception

A

auditory sensory pathway –> primary auditory cortex –> wernickes area —> higher level cortex

41
Q

what is the pathway for written language perception

A

visual sensory pathway –> primary visual cortex –> secondary visual cortex —> angular gyrus –> wernickes area –> higher level cortex

42
Q

what is the pathway for spontaneous spoken langauge

A

higher level cortex –> wernickes areas –> arcuate fasciculus –> brocas area —> primary motor cortex

43
Q

what is the pathway for repetition of speech

A

auditory sensory pathway –> primary auditory cortex –> wernickes area –> arcuate fasciculus –> brocas area –> primary motor cortex

44
Q

lesion on arcuate fasiculus = ?

A

conduction aphasia

45
Q

lesion on path from higher level cortical areas to brocas area = ?

A

transcortical motor aphasia

46
Q

lesion on path from brocas area to motor cortex =?

A

dysarthria aphasia

47
Q

lesion on path from wernickes area to higher level cortex = ?

A

transcortical sensory aphasia

48
Q

lesion on path from primary auditory input to wernickes area = ?

A

pure word deafness

49
Q

4 modalities used to test aphasias

A

spoken language perception and production and written language perception and production

50
Q

aphasia are often caused by ____ typically to the ____ side on brain

A

stroke, left

51
Q

what needs to happen for it to be a true language deficit?

A

must show up across multiple modalities (spoken and written)

52
Q

brocas aphasia is also known as ?

A

expressive aphasia, motor aphasia

53
Q

spontaneous speech is slow, labored and non fluent

A

brocas aphasia

54
Q

repetition is slow laboured and non fluent

A

brocas aphasia

55
Q

comprehension relatively spared but poor syntax/grammer comprehension

A

brocas aphasia

56
Q

what does writing look like for brocas aphasia

A

shows the same errors as speech

57
Q

if they switch from saying something that they arnt trying to come up with on the spot to a well known it phrase or singing it will come out quite smoothly

    • what aphasia?
    • why does this happen?
A
  • brocas aphasia

- non relying on language system as much but on highly practices physical action

58
Q

wernickes apashia is also called?

A
  • receptive aphasia

- sensory aphasia

59
Q

have fluent speech that is fluent, unlabored, prosodic but meaningless

A

wernickes aphasia

60
Q

neologisms

A

nonsense words in wernickes

aphasia

61
Q

spontaneous speech severely impaired, repetition severely impaired, writing severely impaired

A

global aphasia

62
Q

global aphasia is associated with damage to?

A

brocas area and wernickes area

63
Q

wernickes aphasia with intact sentence rep

A

transcortical sensory aphasia

64
Q

brocas aphasia with intact sentence rep

A

transcortical motor aphasia

65
Q

global aphasia with intact sentence rep

A

mixed transcortical aphasia

66
Q

relatively intact production of speech and comprehension but severly impaired repetition

A

conduction aphasia

67
Q

anarthria/dysarthria

A

impaired speech production

68
Q

auditory verbal agnosia/pure word deafness

A

impaired speech perception

69
Q

alexia/dyslexia

A

impaired reading

70
Q

agraphia/dysgraphia

A

impaired writing

71
Q

anomia/dysnomia

A

impaired naming

72
Q

3 issues with the cognitive processes approach

A
  1. distributed processing
  2. overlapping processing
  3. individual differences in structure and functional anatomy
73
Q

what is apraxia of speech

A

disorder in programming the speech musculature to produce the correct sounds words in the proper sequence with the appropriate timing

74
Q

4 symptoms of apraxia

A
  1. inconsistent articulatory errors
  2. articulatory grasping
  3. disruption in prosody
  4. disruption in rate of speech
75
Q

apraxia is not a _______ problem

A

perceptual. no problem perceiving or recognizing speech sounds, including their own articulatory errors

PSYCH 351C (8 decks)

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