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Bodylog 2023 > Tissues, Organs And Systems > Flashcards

Tissues, Organs And Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What holds cells together (4)

A

Cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix proteins (fibres), Internal/external scaffolding, close proximity

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2
Q

Connective tissue

A

Extracellular matrix plentiful, cells sparse(as full of fibres), matrix is rich in fibres (collagen) direct attachments between cells

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Cells tightly bound in sheets (epithelia), no extracellular matrix (just basal lamina underlying) cells attached via adhesions (lots of stress), strong intracellular protein filaments, junctions proteins

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4
Q

Features of connective tissue

A

Primary cell - mesenchymal stem cells: Interconvert between cell types, produces most of extracellular fibres.

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5
Q

What does mesenchymal stem cell do in culture

A

Quickly converts to mature fibroblast, allows cells to adhere to plastic/glass surfaces (fibroblasts divide faster than tissue)

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6
Q

Epithelial tissue function

A

Line cavities and free surfaces of body, tissue barriers, rest on basement membrane - attaches epithelial layer to other tissues

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7
Q

What is an organ

A

More than 1 type of tissue together

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8
Q

Epithelial adherence systems in lateral surface

A

Adherens, tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosome, cell adhesion molecules

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9
Q

Epithelial adherence system in basal surface

A

Focal adhesions, cell adhesion molecules, hemidesmosome, integrins, proteoglycans

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10
Q

Tight junctions

A

Very top, prevent movement of larger molcules to deeper tissue layers (bladder). In gut can open to allow paracellular transport of small molecules.

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11
Q

Adhesion junctions

A

1/3 from top, found in pairs, formed from actin, linked to E-cadherin proteins (form bridges). Transport barrier and stabilising factor

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12
Q

Desmosome

A

Strongest(found in tissues undergoing intense mechanical stress) , 1/2 way down, randomly distributed. Mechanical strength, prevent tissue destruction (only cell to cell in skin)

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13
Q

Gap junctions

A

Close to base, cardiac and smooth muscle. Allows wave of electrical impulse (contraction) and movement of small molecules

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14
Q

Hemi-desmosome

A

Basal surface, attach to extracellular matrix. Anchor epithelial cells to basal lamina (via integrins attached to cytokeratin inside cell)

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15
Q

Focal adhesions (basal)

A

Attach to basal lamina, uses actin and integrins, binds to fibronectin - then binds to collagen

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16
Q

Integrins

A

Alpha beta dimer, dimers come together (focal adhesion kinase) to form stronger bonds (skin/blastocyst attachment to endometrium)

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17
Q

Mucosal membrane

A

Lines moist and hollow internal organs of body, secretes mucus (thick), stop pathogens, lubricate, hydrate.

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18
Q

3 examples of mucosal membranes

A

GI tract, Respiratory tract, Urinary tract

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19
Q

Mucosal membrane layers

A

Epithelial, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae (submucosa, musclularis externa, serosa)

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20
Q

Oesophagus structure layers

A

Epithelium - stratified squamous (withstand abrasion). Submucosa - contains mucus secreting glands (goblet cells) Muscularis externa - two layers (circular and longitudinal) allows food to be moved via peristalsis

21
Q

Stomach layers and structure

A

Epithelial mucosa - secretes acid, digestive enzymes, Rugae (folds increase SA). Muscularis externa - 3 layers (oblique, circular, longitudinal) allows mixing.

22
Q

Jejunum

A

Simple columnar epithelium. Pilcae circulares - folds of mucosa projects into gut lumen

23
Q

Large intestine

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn produce lots of mucus, surface epithelia absorb water and electrolytes

24
Q

Overall GI tract function

A

Absorb substances, prevent pathogen ingress, move contents and expel water

25
Q

How is the GI tract modified for its function

A

Folds of mucosa/ microvilli help substances be absorbed. Peristaltic actions from layers of muscularis externa allow for contents to be moved. Lamina propria connects to lymphatic system allowing prevention of pathogens.

26
Q

Urinary tract structure - epithelial

A

Squamous epithelial in bowman capsule, cuboidal in ducts.

27
Q

Where do muscle layers appear in urinary tract

A

Ureter and bladder - 2 layers (inner and longitudinal) allowing stability and control

28
Q

Epithelium in ureter and bladder

A

Uroepithelium (transitional) - produce mucus(protection from acidic urine) with tight junctions to prevent leakage.

29
Q

Bladder features

A

Fat acts as shop absorber, umbrella cells protect epithelium from acidic urine, transitional epithelium flatten when bladder is filled with urine.

30
Q

Urethra

A

Similar to bladder, mucus glands produce lots of sticky mucus to protect ingress of pathogens from outside of body.

31
Q

Urinary tract summary

A

Similar to GI tract - absorb nutrients, prevent pathogens (especially in lower), remove waste products

32
Q

Respiratory function and parts

A

Gas transport and exchange. 2 parts: conducting (nasal to bronchioles) and respiratory(bronchioles to alveoli)

33
Q

Trachea and primary bronchi mucosa

A

Epithelial - pseudo-stratified covered in cilia (moves debris and bacteria towards mouth). Lamina propria - thin. Muscularis Mucosae - no longitudinal

34
Q

Submucosa trachea and primary bronchi

A

Collagen and elastin fibres (connective tissue layer) seromucous glands (watery mucus secretions that thicken during infection)

35
Q

C shaped Hyaline cartilage

A

Two layers - perichondrium(collagen fibres), chrondrogenic (cartilage formed)

36
Q

Cartilage feature

A

Cells can interconvert between chrondroblasts and chondrocytes to make hyalin and elastic cartilage

37
Q

How is Resp tract different to GI and Urinary

A

No muscularis externa in respiratory

38
Q

Secretions from Trachea and bronchi

A

From epithelial and submucosa - mucins (sticky mucus) serum proteins (lubricate) lysozyme (destroys bacteria) anti proteases (inactivate bacterial enzymes)

39
Q

How is movement of debris aided in trachea

A

Mucociliary escalator - goblet cells and cilia. Thick basement membrane, lamina propria rich with immune cells, elastic fibres.

40
Q

Secondary and tertiary bronchi

A

Similar to primary(pseudostratified, ciliated, seromucous glands) but cartilage is not full circles of rings. Instead crescent shaped to keep airway open

41
Q

Alveolus structure

A

Flattened (squamous) specialised epithelial (endothelium), folds in basal lamina allow for expansion when air is drawn in. Connective tissue - Collagen and Elastin fibres allow recoil.

42
Q

What is definition of tissue

A

Collection of cells adapted for specific function

43
Q

4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial, connective(blood, cartilage, bone, fat), muscle, nerve

44
Q

What is an organ

A

Two or more tissues combined to create a structural unit that has a particular function

45
Q

3 cell types that are not part of organs

A

Ova, spermatozoa, corpuscles of blood

46
Q

What cells are derived from ectoderm

A

In contract with environment - nerve cells, skin.

47
Q

What cells derived from mesoderm

A

Muscle and connective tissue

48
Q

What cells are derived from endoderm

A

Mucosae - GI tract, respiratory tract

Bodylog 2023 (6 decks)

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