Tissues-Connective Tissue & Blood Flashcards
0
Q
What are the 6 functions of connective tissue?
A
Support Packaging Storage Transport Repair Defense
1
Q
Where is connective tissue derived from?
A
Mesoderm (somites)
2
Q
What is connective tissue composed of?
A
Fibroblasts; large branching cells (most common cell type) that make all fibers connected to connective tissues.
3
Q
Can connective tissue renew itself?
A
Connective tissue can renew everything except cartilage.
4
Q
Why cant connective tissue cartilage renew itself?
A
It does not have blood supply so raw materials are not available to repair itself.
5
Q
What is the most common (primary) connective tissue fibers?
A
Collagen
6
Q
What is collagen comprised of?
A
Protein & Collagen
7
Q
What is elastic fibers comprised of?
A
Microfilaments embedded in protein (Elastin).
8
Q
What is the unique quality of elastin?
A
Stretches and returns to original form.
9
Q
Where is reticular tissue fiber typically seen?
A
Embryonic structures
10
Q
What is reticular tissue made up of?
A
A protein called reticulin in a mesh-like arrangement.
11
Q
What are the 3 fiber types made by Fibroblasts?
A
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
12
Q
What are the 4 sub-categories of connective tissue?
A
Soft
Firm
Rigid
Fluid
13
Q
True or False; Soft, Firm, Rigid and Fluid are all solid tissue types.
A
False, Fluid is not considered a solid tissue type.
14
Q
What are the 3 sub-categories of soft connective tissue?
A
Loose
Dense
Specialized
15
Q
Where is loose connective tissue found?
A
Just deep to the epithelium.
16
Q
What is the function of loose connective tissue?
A
Allows for tissue absorption.
17
Q
Where is dense connective tissue found?
A
Deep to the loose connective tissue.
18
Q
What structures are associated with dense connective tissue?
A
Tendons and Ligaments
19
Q
What is the function of tendons in the body?
A
Connect muscles to other connective tissue.
20
Q
What are the three types of specialized connective tissue?
A
Adipose
Elastic
Reticular
21
Q
What is adipose?
A
Fat
22
Q
What are some unique characteristics of adipose?
A
Low metabolic needs, does not require much energy.
23
Q
What is firm connective tissue?
A
Non-calcified connective tissue associated with the skeleton.
24
Firm connective tissue is also known as what?
Cartilage
25
What are the functions of firm connective tissues?
1. Act as a Temporary Skeleton
| 2. Covers most joint articular surfaces.
26
What is an articular surface?
Where 2 movable bones move against each other.
27
Is firm connective tissue vascular or avascular?
Avascular
28
What is firm connective tissue comprised of?
Fibers that do not mineralize and collagen.
29
What are the three types of Cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
30
What is the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
31
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Epiphyseal plates
32
What is elastic cartilage made up of?
Mix of collagen and elastic.
33
Where can elastic cartilage be found?
Ear Eustachian tube, epiglottis, and larynx
34
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Closes off the airway so when you swallow.
35
Where is fibrocartilage typically found?
At the TMJ; changes into hyaline with time
36
What is rigid connective tissue?
Bone, forms the mature skeleton.
37
What is the function of the rigid connective tissue?
Support
Protection
Locomotion
38
What structures does the rigid connective tissue protect?
Heart & Lungs
39
What is the most specialized connective tissue?
Rigid Connective Tissue
40
Why is rigid connective tissue different from other connective tissues?
It is calcified and vascular so it can repair itself.
41
What are the 5 bone components?
```
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal line
```
42
What is the diaphysis?
Central Shaft of a long bone?
43
What is the epiphysis?
Two ends of a long bone.
44
What is the articular cartilage?
Covers the epiphysis where it articulates with another bone.
45
What is the epiphyseal plate?
AKA Growth Plate; cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis
46
What is the Epiphyseal line?
Mineralization of the plate; happens in adults.
47
What is the medullary cavity?
A cavity within the diaphysis.
48
What is marrow?
Fluid that fills the medullary cavity.
49
What are the two types of marrow in the medullary cavity?
Yellow & Red
50
What is yellow marrow?
Mostly fat
51
What is red marrow?
Blood-forming cells
52
In a younger person which type of marrow is most prominent?
Red Marrow
53
In an older person what type of marrow is most prominent?
Yellow Marrow
54
What is the periosteum?
Outer covering of the bone?
55
What is the endosteum?
Lining that lines the medullary cavities.
56
What is an Osteoblast?
Bone forming cells
57
What is an osteoclasts?
Bone destroying cells
58
What is canaliculi?
Processes from osteocytes (matured osteoblasts)
59
What is the deepest structure of the bone?
Medullary Cavity
60
What is the most superficial structure of the bone?
Periostuim
61
What are the two types of bone?
Compact & Cancellous
62
What is a compact bone?
Mostly a solid matrix of cells that is heavier than cancellous bone.
63
What is cancellous bone?
Lacey network of bone with small marrow filled spaces.
64
What are the three types of bone layers?
Circumferential
Concentric
Interstitial
65
What is circumferential layering?
Layering seen in most superficial bones of the adult. (outer part of the bone)
66
What is concentric layering?
Bulk of layering seen in haverian conversion systems. (Circular layering)
67
What is interstitial layering?
Fills in between where holes are present (a chunk of concentric).
68
How is bone ossified?
Via Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
69
What are the series of events that occur to form bone via the osteoblast?
1. Start formation of all bone
2. Synthesize collagen and proteoglycans (matrix)
3. Once surrounded by the matrix it starts to mineralize.
70
Once the osteoblast is surrounded by the matrix and starts to mineralize it becomes what?
Osteocyte
71
What are the two processes the osteocyte undergoes to continue bone ossification?
Intramembraneous ossification
| Endochondrial ossification
72
True or False; every osteocyte was once an osteoblast.
True
73
What are the three types of bone formation mechanisms?
Endochondrial
Intramembraneous
Sutural
74
What bone formation mechanism is used to form the mandibular condyle?
Endochondrial Ossification
75
In endochondrial ossification how is bone formed?
It is based on cartilage models, hyaline is surrounded by perichondrium (has a blood supply). Basically cartilage is a temporary structure and as it dies it is replaced by bone.
76
In endochondrial ossification how is the matrix formed?
Chondrocytes
77
What are the main steps of endochondrial ossification?
1. Osteoblasts are created in the perichondrium
2. Cartilage dies as mineralization occurs
3. Perichondrium becomes periosteum
78
In intramembraneous ossification how is bone formed?
Osteoblasts form an osteoid between connective tissue membranes.
79
How does bone mature in intramembraneous ossification?
Directed by periosteum it matures via mineralization.
80
While forming what is the structure of the bone like during intramembraneous ossification?
Unstable due to islands of soft tissue within forming bone.
82
What structures are formed via intramembraneous ossification?
The maxilla and Ramus and body of the mandible.
83
True or False; teeth are static.
False
84
What are growth and bone changes influenced by?
Pressure and Tension
85
What does tension activate?
Tension activates osteoblasts.
86
What does pressure activate?
Pressure causes osteoclasts.
87
What does bone store?
Bone stores massive amounts of calcium.
88
What controls the storage of calcium?
Hormones
89
What are the sequence of events for bone repair?
1. Clot formation
2. Stabilization
3. Callus (new union of bone)
90
What is the difference between original bone and callus bone?
The new union of bone is much stronger than the original bone.
91
What is the function of fluid connective tissue?
1. Transports oxygen
2. Transports carbon dioxide
3. Immunological functions
92
What is fluid connective tissue made up of?
Blood and Plasma
93
What is the composition of blood?
1. Cells and cell fragments (blood proper/formed elements)
| 2. Liquid matrix (plasma)
94
What percentage of the blood composition is made up of blood/formed elements/ blood proper?
45%
95
What percentage of the blood composition is made up of plasma?
55%
96
What is plasma comprised of?
Straw colored fluid; that is 92% water and 8% proteins
97
What three proteins make up the 8% of plasma?
Albumin (58%)
Globulins (38%)
Fibrinogen (4%)
98
Which protein helps maintain osmotic pressure?
Albumin
99
How does Albumin maintain osmotic pressure?
Attracts water to stay within the vascular system and maintain its physiological "closed system"
100
Which plasma protein is important in clotting?
Fibrinogen
101
What are the formed elements?
Erythrocytes (RBC's)
Leukocytes (WBC's)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
102
95% of formed elements are what?
Arithrocytes
103
Arithrocytes are major components of what?
Hemoglobin
104
What is Hematopoiesis?
Making blood
105
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
1. Fetus: many tissues
2. Red Marrow
3. Lymphatic tissues
106
What is considered a starter cell for the formation of blood?
Hemocytoblasts (Stem Cells)
107
What precursor cells develop from a hemocytoblast?
```
Proerythroblast
Lymphoblast
Megakaryoblast
Myeloblast
Monoblast
```
108
If vitamin B12 is added to proerythroblast what is created?
Erythrocyte (RBC's)
109
What does a lymphoblast give rise to?
Lymphoctye
110
What is a lymphocyte reffered to as?
Agranulocyte
111
What does a megakaryoblast give rise to?
Megakaryocyte
112
Pieces of a megakaryocyte give rise to what?
Platelets (cell fragments)
113
What does myeloblast give rise to?
Granulocytes: Basofil, Esinophil, and Neutrophil
114
What does a monoblast give rise to?
Monocyte
115
What are the 7-8 Mature Cell types?
```
Erythrocytes
Lymphocyte
Megakaryocyte (Platelets)
Basofil
Ensinophil
Neutrophil
Monocyte
```
116
What shape are Erythrocytes?
Bioconcave because they have lost there nucleus
117
What is the function of the Erythrocytes?
1. Carry oxygen to tissues
| 2. Removal of carbon dioxide
118
What is the life span of erythrocytes?
110 - 120 days (3-4 months)
119
What percentage of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin?
97%
120
Why is flexibility of an erythrocyte cell an important characteristic?
It allows the cell to adapt readily to irregular shapes to fit into tight spaces.
121
What happens to the erythrocyte if one amino acid is substituted in the beta chain of the hemoglobin?
The erythrocyte becomes insoluble; the cell becomes rigid and brittle
122
What disease is associated with brittle/rigid erythrocytes?
Sickle Cell Anemia
123
What is hemogolbin?
4 Heme groups and one Iron++
124
When Iron binds with oxygen what is the hemoglobin called?
Oxyhemogolbin
125
What is it called when hemoglobin bonds to carbon dioxide?
Carbaminohemoglobin
126
What binds together to form Carboxyhemoglobin?
Carbon Monoxide and hemoglobin
127
What is unique about Carboxyhemoglobin?
It is irreversible and binds better than any other gas.
128
What does the cell membrane of the Erythrocyte contain?
Integral membrane proteins
129
What allows the erythrocyte to recognize your blood type?
Glygophorin binding of different oligosaccharides chains.
130
How is your blood type determined?
Composition of oligosaccharide chains.
131
What is the shape of Leukocytes?
Spherical
132
What are the functions of Leukocytes?
1. Protection from foreign microorganisms
| 2. Remove dead blood cells and debirs
133
How do leukocytes move?
1. Blood (move with circulation)
| 2. Ameobid in tissues (moves outside of circulation)
134
What are the two families of leukocytes?
Granulocytes & Agranulocytes
135
What three cells are considered granulocytes?
1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophils
136
What is another name for a neutrophil?
Polymorphonucleocytes (PMN)
137
What two cell types are agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes & Monocytes
138
What is the most common leukocytes?
Neutrophils 60-70%
139
What lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope?
Heterochormatin
140
In a neutrophil how many lobes does the nucleus have?
2-5 (usually 3)
141
Where does a neutrophil receive its energy?
Glycogen
142
Neutrophils are made up of specific granules called what?
Collection of Enzymes; alkaline phosphate, collagenase, lactoferrin and 2/3 of the cell is a lysozyme
143
How do neutrophils work?
They use the collection of enzymes to break down and kill foreign debris.
144
What are the primary lysosomes of neutrophils?
Azurophilic granules
145
What is the life span of neutrophils?
Short half-life (couple days)
146
What are the four compartments of a neutrophil?
1. Medullary formation (formed in medullary cavity)
2. Medullary storage
3. Circulatory
4. Marginating
5. Connective Tissue
147
What is diapedesis?
The process in which neutrophils enter circulation from connective tissue.
148
What is the function of a neutrophil?
Phagocytosis
149
The presence of neutrophils is due to what?
Stimuli
150
What is considered stimuli?
Muscle activity, epinephrine release, bacterial infections
151
True or False; neutrophils are our first line of defense.
True; neutrophils are the 1st cell that shows up during of inflammation.
152
What occurs when the body cannot produce enough mature neutrophils?
The body will dump non-mature neutrophils which will indicate (in a blood test) you have used up all of your 1st line of defense.
153
Eosinophils constitute what percentage of leukocytes?
2-4%
154
What is the nucleus of an eosinophil?
Bilobed nucleus
155
True or False; the eosinophil is poorly developed but does contain a ER, Golgi and mitochondria.
True; even though it has these structures it receives its energy from Glycogen because the structures are poorly developed.
156
What are the specific granules of Eosinophils?
Lysosomes in high numbers.
157
How are eosinophils active in an allergic reaction?
1. Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes
| 2. Aid in Killing certain parasites.
158
True or False; an eosinophil will attempt to suppress your bodies reaction to allergies.
True
159
What is the least common type of leukocyte?
Basophil (less than 1%)
160
What is unique about the heterochromatin in a basophil?
It has less than other leukocytes.
161
How does a basophil work in an allergic reaction?
Accentuates an allergic reaction.
162
What are the specific granules in a basophil?
Heparin and Histamine
163
What is a basophil capable of?
Diapedesis
164
What is a basophil similar to?
Mast Cells
165
What does Heparin do in an allergic reaction?
Allows blood to flow more rapidly.
166
What is unique about the nucleus of a basophil?
Irregular S-Shaped lobes.
167
What is the main difference between a Monocyte and Leukocyte?
A monocyte has many mitochondria and a well developed Golgi complex.
168
What shape is the nucleus of a monocyte?
C-shaped
169
True or False; a monocyte has more heterochromatin than leukocytes.
False; it has less heterochromatin than leukocytes
170
When does a monocyte become a macrophage?
As soon as the monocyte leaves circulation.
171
What is the function of macrophage?
Phagocytize microorganisms, debris and dead neutrophils. "Clean up after neutrophils"
172
True or False; the monocyte/macrophage is the dominant cell after neutrophils.
True
173
Where does differentiation of the monocyte/macrophage occur?
Connective Tissue
174
What are the two main groups of Lymphocytes?
B-Lymphocytes
| T-Lymphocytes
175
Which group of lymphocytes are there more of?
T-lymphocytes (90-95%)
176
True or False; lymphocytes are typically small.
False, they are highly variable in size.
177
What do b-lymphocytes differentiate into?
plasma cells
178
What do b-lymphocytes produce?
Antibodies
179
What are b-lymphocytes considered to be?
Presenting Cells; the find the problem, remember it, and produce a defense for future use.
180
B-lymphocytes increase what?
rER
181
What is another name for a t-lymphocyte?
T-helper cells
182
What is the function of t-lymphocytes?
The cellular arm of the immune response.
183
Where do platelets arise from?
Megakaryocyte
184
What is the shape of a platelet?
Irregular in shape, they are a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane.
185
Where do platelets function?
Hemostasis: waiting for something to happen
186
What are the two cytoplasmic zones of platelets?
Hyalomere
| Granulomere
187
What is hyalomere?
Cytoskeletal fibers such as microtubule and filaments.
188
What is granulomere?
Organelles and vesicles
189
What do the vesicles of the granulomere hold?
Serotonin
190
How often are platelets replaced in the body?
They are completely replaced every 10 days.
191
What is the function of serotonin?
Potent vasoconstrictor (slows bleeding)
192
What is the cascade of events that occurs to fix a vessel?
1. Adhere to damaged wall
2. Contacting collagen within a wall, the platelets will stick and swell forming a...
3. Platelet plug
4. Prothrombin becomes thrombin
5. Fibrinogen becomes fibrin
6. Clot Retraction (integrity of the vessel is obtained)
193
Where does muscle tissue arise from?
Mesoderm
194
What is muscle tissue controlled by?
CNS
195
What are the types of Muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
196
True or false; all muscle tissue types are involuntary
true
197
What is skeletal muscle responsible for?
Locomotion
Expression
Posture
Heat Generation
198
What is smooth muscle responsible for?
Organs, glands and vessel linings
199
What is cardiac muscle responsible for?
Heart & Major Vessels
200
Where is skeletal muscle located?
Attached to bone and skin
201
What can skeletal muscle exhibit that cardiac and smooth muscle cannot?
Recruitment; meaning they can activate more skeletal muscle when needed (lifting weights)
202
True or False; all muscle tissue types can run an oxygen debt.
False, skeletal muscle is the only muscle tissue type that can run an oxygen debt.
203
What does skeletal muscle produce from an oxygen debt?
Produces Lactic Acid
204
What are the four characteristics of skeletal muscle?
1. Contractibility
2. Excitable
3. Extensible (stretching)
4. Elasticity (returns to original size)
205
What is the shape of smooth muscle?
Spindle shaped cells
206
What are the functional differences of smooth muscle?
1. Contraction is slower
2. CANNOT have an oxygen debt
3. Autorhythmicity (inherent speed)
207
What is the shape of cardiac muscle?
Long-branching cells
208
What are the functional considerations of cardiac muscle?
1. Intercalated discs (allow contraction as a whole)
2. No Oxygen debt
3. Autorhythmicity (pace-maker)
209
What is the functional unit of nerve tissue?
Neuron: cell body, axon & denidrites-extensive rER and Golgi
210
Is repair a capability of nerve tissue?
Yes, but it is limited.
211
What is the function of nerve tissue?
Receive stimuli and transmit action potentials.
212
What is the main function of the nucleus in nerve tissue?
Present for maintenance.
213
What is the function of Myelination?
1. Increases conduction speed of action potentials.
2. Schwann cells create myelin
3. Nodes of Ranveir: gaps in myelination
