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Histology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Histology?

A

The study of tissues.

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2
Q

What do we use to examine tissues?

A

Light Microscopy

Electron Microscopes

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3
Q

What microscope do you use to examine the cell or a bacterium?

A

Light Microscope

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4
Q

What type of microscope do you use to examine the inner workings of a cell?

A

Electron Microscope

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5
Q

What limits resolution?

A

Wavelength of Light

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6
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A cell with withOUT a well defined nucleus.

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7
Q

What is a Eukaryote?

A

A cell with a well defined nucleus.

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8
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Biphospholipid layer with proteins; fluid mosaic model

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9
Q

What does the cell membrane control?

A

What comes into and out of cell via the proteins.

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10
Q

Why are cells so dynamic?

A

The cell is able to delineate itself from the external environment and control its own internal development.

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11
Q

How big is a eukaryotic cell compared to a bacterium?

A

10 times larger than a bacterium.

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12
Q

How does a Eukaryotic cell deal with the large volume of cytoplasm?

A

It creates compartments and surfaces.

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13
Q

What are the 7 major cellular compartments?

A 
Nucleus
Cytosol
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Gogli Apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Perioxisomes
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14
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Houses the DNA for the entire organism.

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15
Q

What is the chromatin?

A

Caries the blueprint in the nucleus.

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16
Q

What are the two types of chromatin?

A

Hetero: not active
Eu: active, transcribes DNA to proteins

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17
Q

What does the nucleolus do in the nucleus?

A

Makes rRNA.

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18
Q

How many chromosome pairs are in the nucleus?

A

22 Autosomes

1 sex chromosome

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19
Q

Why are women the superior then men?

A

Men have a Y chromosome to suppress the function of the X chromosome.

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20
Q

What percentage of the cell is made up of the cytosol?

A

55%

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21
Q

What does the cytosol contain?

A

Thousands of enzymes.

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22
Q

What does the cytosol catalyze?

A

Glycolysis and glucogenesis

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23
Q

True or false; the biosynthesis of sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids occurs in the nucleus.

A

False; it occurs in the cytosol.

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24
Q

True or False; the cytosol is responsible for metabolism and maintaining ph.

A

True

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25
Q

What does the the cytosol store?

A

Fats and glycogen

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26
Q

Where are ribosomes assembled?

A

In the cytosol.

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27
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Bind amino acids together

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28
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

A large ribonucleoprotien particle; a mRNA sequence translated into an amino acid.

29
Q

This compartment accounts for 10% of all volume of the cell?

A

10%

30
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Smooth or rough regions (determined by presence of ribosomes) that act as a highway for the cell.

31
Q

Where does the Endoplasmic Reticulum recieve its direction from?

A

The nucleus

32
Q

What structure is the Endoplasmic Reticulum continuous with?

A

The outer nuclear membrane.

33
Q

What are the functions of the ER?

A
  1. Determines what stays in the cell and what leaves the cell.
  2. Determines where to send material.
  3. Produces proteins, lipids, and complex carbs.
34
Q

What places does the ER send protiens, lipids, and complex carbs to?

A

Golgi Apparatus
Plasma Membranes
Lysosomes
Cell Exterior

35
Q

Where is the Golgi Apparatus located?

A

Near the nucleus

36
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus consist of?

A

Several layers called (cisternae)

37
Q

What are the distinct faces of the Golgi Apparatus?

A 
Cis = forming side
Trans = maturing side
38
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  1. Principle director of macromolecules; proteins and lipids and their modified forms.
  2. Modifies macromolecules usually with specialized sugar.
  3. Packages proteins for secretions.
39
Q

Why is Mitochondria unique?

A

It has its own DNA

40
Q

When I say mitochondria you say….

A

Power house

41
Q

What is the number of Mitochondria dependent upon?

A

The cells energy requirements.

42
Q

What does “symbiotic relationship” mean?

A

Two independent living organisms living off each other and both benefitting from it.

43
Q

What are the symbiotic relationship characterisitcs between the Mitochondria and Cell?

A
  1. Has its own DNA
  2. Mitochondria is dependent on cell for proteins
  3. Cell Depends on Mitochondria for energy.
44
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria?

A

Metabolizes sugar and fatty acids to create ATP.

45
Q

How much ATP is produced by the Mitochondria per metabolism of 1 glucose molecule?

A

36 ATP

46
Q

How much ATP is produced without the oxidative reaction (glycolysis)?

A

2 ATP

47
Q

How does Mitochondria produce ATP?

A

Created by the electron transport chain; establishes a proton gradient across the membrane which drives membrane proton pumps to create ATP.

48
Q

What is the function of the Lysosomes?

A

Dissolve, digest, and detoxify substances of the cell.

49
Q

What does the primary lysosome contain?

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes.

50
Q

What does the secondary lysosome combine with?

A

A vacuole or vesicle.

51
Q

Where is peroxisome produced?

A

On smooth ER.

52
Q

What does the peroxisome use to produce hydrogen peroxide?

A

Oxygen

53
Q

What additional molecules can be generated from a peroxisome?

A

Water and Oxygen from Hydrogen Peroxide

54
Q

Peroxisome are important for doing what to reactions?

A

Detoxifying

55
Q

True of False; The cytoskeleton is flexible.

A

True

56
Q

What are the 3 constituents of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments

57
Q

What are the MAJOR constituents of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules & Microfilaments

58
Q

Which constituent of the cytoskeleton is stable and doesn’t come apart?

A

Intermediate filaments

59
Q

What are cytoplasmic inclusions?

A

Things in cells that are just there like melanin.

60
Q

What are two types of extracellular structures?

A

Cilia

Flagella

61
Q

What is cilia?

A

Hair like; small process on the cell surface found in the respiratory tract.

62
Q

What is flagella?

A

Long process; capable of locomotion, typically there is one on a cell (sperm)

63
Q

What are the 5 cell shapes?

A 
Squamous (flattened cells)
Cuboidal (cube-shaped)
Columnar (tall-rectangular shape)
Biconcave (donut shaped)
Polyhedral (many sides)
64
Q

What are examples of extracellular materials?

A

Interstitial fluid

Intercellular or ground substance

65
Q

What does the interstitial fluid do?

A

Moves substances to and from different compartments.

66
Q

What is the function of the intercellular or ground substance?

A

Acts as a barrier.

67
Q

What are the two types of Cellular Junctions?

A

Desmosome & Hemidesmosome

68
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

Disc-shaped “spot-weld” between two cells.

69
Q

What is a hemidesmosome?

A

A connective tissue attachment between cellular and non-cellular structures (living attached to something non-living)

Histology (3 decks)

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