Introduction

Question 1

What is Histology?

Answer 1

The study of tissues.

Question 2

What do we use to examine tissues?

Answer 2

Light Microscopy

Electron Microscopes

Question 3

What microscope do you use to examine the cell or a bacterium?

Answer 3

Light Microscope

Question 4

What type of microscope do you use to examine the inner workings of a cell?

Answer 4

Electron Microscope

Question 5

What limits resolution?

Answer 5

Wavelength of Light

Question 6

What is a prokaryote?

Answer 6

A cell with withOUT a well defined nucleus.

Question 7

What is a Eukaryote?

Answer 7

A cell with a well defined nucleus.

Question 8

What is the cell membrane?

Answer 8

Biphospholipid layer with proteins; fluid mosaic model

Question 9

What does the cell membrane control?

Answer 9

What comes into and out of cell via the proteins.

Question 10

Why are cells so dynamic?

Answer 10

The cell is able to delineate itself from the external environment and control its own internal development.

Question 11

How big is a eukaryotic cell compared to a bacterium?

Answer 11

10 times larger than a bacterium.

Question 12

How does a Eukaryotic cell deal with the large volume of cytoplasm?

Answer 12

It creates compartments and surfaces.

Question 13

What are the 7 major cellular compartments?

Answer 13

Nucleus
Cytosol
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Gogli Apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Perioxisomes

Question 14

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 14

Houses the DNA for the entire organism.

Question 15

What is the chromatin?

Answer 15

Caries the blueprint in the nucleus.

Question 16

What are the two types of chromatin?

Answer 16

Hetero: not active
Eu: active, transcribes DNA to proteins

Question 17

What does the nucleolus do in the nucleus?

Answer 17

Makes rRNA.

Question 18

How many chromosome pairs are in the nucleus?

Answer 18

22 Autosomes

1 sex chromosome

Question 19

Why are women the superior then men?

Answer 19

Men have a Y chromosome to suppress the function of the X chromosome.

Question 20

What percentage of the cell is made up of the cytosol?

Answer 20

55%

Question 21

What does the cytosol contain?

Answer 21

Thousands of enzymes.

Question 22

What does the cytosol catalyze?

Answer 22

Glycolysis and glucogenesis

Question 23

True or false; the biosynthesis of sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids occurs in the nucleus.

Answer 23

False; it occurs in the cytosol.

Question 24

True or False; the cytosol is responsible for metabolism and maintaining ph.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What does the the cytosol store?

Answer 25

Fats and glycogen

Question 26

Where are ribosomes assembled?

Answer 26

In the cytosol.

Question 27

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Answer 27

Bind amino acids together

Question 28

What is a ribosome?

Answer 28

A large ribonucleoprotien particle; a mRNA sequence translated into an amino acid.

Question 29

This compartment accounts for 10% of all volume of the cell?

Answer 29

10%

Question 30

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 30

Smooth or rough regions (determined by presence of ribosomes) that act as a highway for the cell.

Question 31

Where does the Endoplasmic Reticulum recieve its direction from?

Answer 31

The nucleus

Question 32

What structure is the Endoplasmic Reticulum continuous with?

Answer 32

The outer nuclear membrane.

Question 33

What are the functions of the ER?

Answer 33

1. Determines what stays in the cell and what leaves the cell. 2. Determines where to send material. 3. Produces proteins, lipids, and complex carbs.

Question 34

What places does the ER send protiens, lipids, and complex carbs to?

Answer 34

Golgi Apparatus Plasma Membranes Lysosomes Cell Exterior

Question 35

Where is the Golgi Apparatus located?

Answer 35

Near the nucleus

Question 36

What does the Golgi Apparatus consist of?

Answer 36

Several layers called (cisternae)

Question 37

What are the distinct faces of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 37

``` Cis = forming side Trans = maturing side ```

Question 38

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 38

1. Principle director of macromolecules; proteins and lipids and their modified forms. 2. Modifies macromolecules usually with specialized sugar. 3. Packages proteins for secretions.

Question 39

Why is Mitochondria unique?

Answer 39

It has its own DNA

Question 40

When I say mitochondria you say....

Answer 40

Power house

Question 41

What is the number of Mitochondria dependent upon?

Answer 41

The cells energy requirements.

Question 42

What does "symbiotic relationship" mean?

Answer 42

Two independent living organisms living off each other and both benefitting from it.

Question 43

What are the symbiotic relationship characterisitcs between the Mitochondria and Cell?

Answer 43

1. Has its own DNA 2. Mitochondria is dependent on cell for proteins 3. Cell Depends on Mitochondria for energy.

Question 44

What is the function of Mitochondria?

Answer 44

Metabolizes sugar and fatty acids to create ATP.

Question 45

How much ATP is produced by the Mitochondria per metabolism of 1 glucose molecule?

Answer 45

36 ATP

Question 46

How much ATP is produced without the oxidative reaction (glycolysis)?

Answer 46

2 ATP

Question 47

How does Mitochondria produce ATP?

Answer 47

Created by the electron transport chain; establishes a proton gradient across the membrane which drives membrane proton pumps to create ATP.

Question 48

What is the function of the Lysosomes?

Answer 48

Dissolve, digest, and detoxify substances of the cell.

Question 49

What does the primary lysosome contain?

Answer 49

Contains hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 50

What does the secondary lysosome combine with?

Answer 50

A vacuole or vesicle.

Question 51

Where is peroxisome produced?

Answer 51

On smooth ER.

Question 52

What does the peroxisome use to produce hydrogen peroxide?

Answer 52

Oxygen

Question 53

What additional molecules can be generated from a peroxisome?

Answer 53

Water and Oxygen from Hydrogen Peroxide

Question 54

Peroxisome are important for doing what to reactions?

Answer 54

Detoxifying

Question 55

True of False; The cytoskeleton is flexible.

Answer 55

True

Question 56

What are the 3 constituents of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 56

Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments

Question 57

What are the MAJOR constituents of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 57

Microtubules & Microfilaments

Question 58

Which constituent of the cytoskeleton is stable and doesn't come apart?

Answer 58

Intermediate filaments

Question 59

What are cytoplasmic inclusions?

Answer 59

Things in cells that are just there like melanin.

Question 60

What are two types of extracellular structures?

Answer 60

Cilia | Flagella

Question 61

What is cilia?

Answer 61

Hair like; small process on the cell surface found in the respiratory tract.

Question 62

What is flagella?

Answer 62

Long process; capable of locomotion, typically there is one on a cell (sperm)

Question 63

What are the 5 cell shapes?

Answer 63

``` Squamous (flattened cells) Cuboidal (cube-shaped) Columnar (tall-rectangular shape) Biconcave (donut shaped) Polyhedral (many sides) ```

Question 64

What are examples of extracellular materials?

Answer 64

Interstitial fluid | Intercellular or ground substance

Question 65

What does the interstitial fluid do?

Answer 65

Moves substances to and from different compartments.

Question 66

What is the function of the intercellular or ground substance?

Answer 66

Acts as a barrier.

Question 67

What are the two types of Cellular Junctions?

Answer 67

Desmosome & Hemidesmosome

Question 68

What is a desmosome?

Answer 68

Disc-shaped "spot-weld" between two cells.

Question 69

What is a hemidesmosome?

Answer 69

A connective tissue attachment between cellular and non-cellular structures (living attached to something non-living)