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BIOL 1593 Midterm 1 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells, usually with a common embryonic origin, that functions together to carry out specialized activities.

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2
Q

What are the four primary adult tissues?

A

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue.

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3
Q

What is the function of muscular tissue?

A

Generate the physical force needed to make the body structures move

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4
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Detects changes inside and outside the body and initiates and transmits nerve impulses (action potentials) that coordinate body activities to help maintain homoestasis.

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5
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A

Surface epithelium and glandular epithelium

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6
Q

What are the general features common to all epithelium?

A
  • Consists of closely packed cells with little extracellular material between them
  • Cells are arranged in continuous sheets, single or multiple layers
  • An epithelial cell has an apical surface and a basal surface attached to a base membrane
  • Epithelia adhere firmly to nearby connective tissue through a thin extracellular layer called the basement membrane
  • Epithelia have a nerve supply
  • High capacity for renewal
  • Epithelial tissue is avascular, exchange of materials between epithelium and adjacent connective tissue is by diffusion
  • They have common functions
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7
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection for underlying tissue, filtration, lubrification, secretion, digestion, absorption, transportation, excretion, sensory reception, form glands, and reproduction

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8
Q

What is the basement membrane of epithelial tissue made of?

A

Cellular layer of collagen and glycoproteins called basal lamina, often underlained by a layer of reticular fibres and glycoproteins called the reticular lamina

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9
Q

What is surface epithelium?

A

A continuous sheet of one or more layers of cells that form the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs. It also forms the inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, and the interior of the respiratory system, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.

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10
Q

What is glandular epithelium?

A

Epithelial cells that make up the secreting portion of glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, sweat glands and digestive glands.

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11
Q

What are the two criteria to classify surface epithelium?

A

The arrangement of cells in layers and cell shapes

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12
Q

What are the types of cell arrangements in surface epithelium?

A

Simple epithelium (single layer of cells), pseudostratified (appears to have multiple layers because nuclei appear at different levels but all cells rest on the basement membrane) and stratified (two or more layers)

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13
Q

What are the functions of simple epithelium?

A
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Filtration
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
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14
Q

What is the use of stratified epithelium?

A

The top layers protect the basement layer in locations where there is considerable wear and tear

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15
Q

What are the different cell shapes?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar and transitional

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16
Q

What are squamous cells and what is their use?

A

Thin cells that allow for the rapid passage of substances through them

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17
Q

What are cuboidal cells and what is their use?

A

Cubic or hexagonal cells that can have microvili at their apical surface and function in secretion or absorption

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18
Q

What are columnar cells and what it their use?

A

Cells much taller than wide that protect underlying tissue. Their apical surfaces may have cilia or microvili, often specialized in secretion and absorption.

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19
Q

What are transitional cells and what is their use?

A

Cells that change shape from flat to cuboidal, as organs like the urinary bladder stretch.

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20
Q

What are the different types of surface epithelia?

A

Simple epithelium
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Simple cuboidal epithelium
- Simple columnar epithelium (ciliated and non-ciliated)
- Pseudostatified columnar epithelium (ciliated and nonciliated)
Stratified epithelium
- Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized and nonkeratinized)
- Stratified cuboidal epithelium
- Stratified columnar epithelium
- Transitional epithelium

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21
Q

Describe a simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells that ressembles a tiled floor when viewed from the apical surface. Centrally located nucleus that is flattened and oval or spherical in shape.

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22
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

In body parts subject to little wear and tear. The tissue that lines the heart, blood and lymphatic vessels is called the endothelium. The type that forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes such as the pleura, pericardium or peritoneum is called mesothelium. It also found in kidneys.

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23
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Filtration, osmosis, diffusion and secretion in serous membranes.

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24
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of cube shaped cells, round, centrally located nucleus.

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25
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?

A

In some glands, some parts of the eye, covers the surface of the ovary

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26
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretion and absorption

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27
Q

Describe nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of nonciliated column-like cells with nuclei near bases of cells. The category contains cells with microvili, microscopic finger-like projections that increase surface area of the plasma membrane and goblet cells that secretes mucus at their apical surfaces.

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28
Q

Where is nonciliated simple columnar epithelium found?

A

In most of the gastrointestinal tract, in gallblader and ducts of many glands

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29
Q

What are the functions of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

Secretion and absorption. Secretes mucus lubricates linings of digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts.

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30
Q

Describe ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of ciliated column-like cells with nuclei near bases, contains goblet cells in some location

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31
Q

Where is ciliated simple columnar epithelium found?

A

In a few portions of the upper respiratory tract, uterine tubes and central canal of spinal cord

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32
Q

What are the functions of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

Mucus secreted by goblet cells form a film over respiratory surface that traps inhaled particles. Cilia wave in unison and move mucus and any trapped foreign particles towards throat where is can be coughed up, swallowed of spit out .

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33
Q

Describe nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Appears to have several layers because the nuclei of the cells are at several layers. Alls cells are attached to the basement plane, but not all cells reach the apical surface. Contain cells without cilia and lacks goblet cells.

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34
Q

Where is nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

In epididymis, larger ducts of parotid gland, male urethra

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35
Q

What are the functions of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epitelium?

A

Absorption and secretion

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36
Q

Describe ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Appears to have several layers because the nuclei of the cells are at several layers. Alls cells are attached to the basement plane, but not all cells reach the apical surface. Contain cells with cilia and goblet cells.

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37
Q

Where is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

Lines the airway of most of the upper respiratory tract

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38
Q

What are the functions of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Secretes mucus that traps foreign particles and the cilia sweeps the mucus away for eventual elimination.

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39
Q

Describe stratified squamous epithelium

A

Two or more layers of cells. Cells in apical layer and few layers deep are squamous. Those in the deeper layer are cuboidal to columnar. Basal cells continually undergo cell division. They are pushed towards the surface. As they go farther from the connective tissue, they become dehydrated, shrunken. In the apical layer, they loose cell junctions and are replaces by other basal cells.

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40
Q

What is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

A type of epithelium that develops a tough layer of keratin in apical layer and several layers deep to it. keratin is a tough protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from microbes, heat and chemicals.

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41
Q

What is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

A type of epithelium that does not contain keratin and remains moist.

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42
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

The keratinized variety forms the superficial layer of the skin. Nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces like mouth, esophague, vagina, tongue.

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43
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protection, provides first line of defense against microbes

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44
Q

Describe stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, fairly rare

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45
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Ducts of adult sweat glands

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46
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Protection

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47
Q

Describe stratified columnar epithelium

A

Basal layers with shortened, irregularly shaped cells. Apical layers with columnar cells. Uncommon tissue

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48
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

In parts of the urethra, some large execretory ducts of some glands

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49
Q

What are the functions of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Protection and secretion

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50
Q

Describe transitional epithelium

A

The appearance is variable. In its relaxed state, it looks like a stratified cuboidal epithelium, except that the cells in the apical layer are large and rounded. In its stretched state, it looks like a stratified squamous epithelium.

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51
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

In hollow structurres that are subject to expansion from within, like urinary bladder, portions or urethers and urethra

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52
Q

What are the functions of transitional epithelium?

A

Allows the urinary organs to stretch and hold variable amounts of fluid without rupturing, while still serving as a protective lining

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53
Q

What is a gland?

A

A gland is a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion.

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54
Q

Describe an endocrine gland

A

Secretory products (hormones) diffuse into blood after passing through interstital fluid

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55
Q

Where are endocrine glands found?

A

Pituitary glands at the base of the brain, pineal gland in the brain, adrenal glands superior to kidney, pancreas, etc.

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56
Q

What is the function of endocrine glands?

A

Produce hormones that regulate various body activities

57
Q

Describe exocrine glands

A

The secretory products are released into ducts

58
Q

Where are exocrine glands found?

A

Sweat, oil and earwax glands of the skin, digestive glands like salivary glands

59
Q

What is the function of exocrine glands?

A

Produce substances such as sweat, saliva or digestive enzymes

60
Q

Name general features of connective tissue

A
  • Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body
  • Composed of two basic elements: extracellular matrix and cells
  • Do not occur on body surfaces
  • Highly vascular (except cartilage which is avascular)
  • Except for cartilages, supplied with nerves
61
Q

Name functions of connective tissue

A
  • Binds together, supports and strengthens other body tissues
  • Protects and insulates internal organs
  • Compartimentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles
  • Major transport system within the body (blood)
  • Major site of stored enegy (adipose)
  • Main site of immune responses
62
Q

Describe the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

A

It is the material between its widely spaced cells. It consists of protein fibres and ground substance, the material between the cells and the fibers. The extracellular matrix is usually secreted by the cells and determine the tissue’s qualities.

63
Q

Name the types of connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblast, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells and adipocytes

64
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Large, flat cells with branching processes. They are present in most connective tissues and are the most numerous. They move through connective tissue and secrete fibres and ground substance.

65
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Phagocytes that develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell.

66
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Develop from lymphocyte B. They secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances.

67
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Cells involved in the inflammatory response. Abundant along the blood vessels, they produce histamine, which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kill bacteria.

68
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Fat cell that store fat. Found below the skin and around organs.

69
Q

What is the role of ground substance in connective tissue?

A

It is the component between the cell and fibres, it supports the cell, binds them together and provide a medium through which substances are exchanged between blood and cells.

70
Q

What are the textures ground substance can take?

A

Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous or calcified

71
Q

What is the suffix of immature cells? And mature cells?

A

Immature cells end in ‘blast’ and mature cells in ‘cyte’

72
Q

What are the characteristics of mature cells?

A

Reduces capacity in cell division and matrix production, mostly involved in maintaining the matrix

73
Q

Name substances found in the ground substance of the connective tissue

A

hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate.

74
Q

What are the three types of fibres embebbed in the connective tissue extracellular matrix?

A

Collagen fibres, elastic fibres and reticular fibres

75
Q

Describe collagen fibres

A

Very strong and resist pulling forces, but not stiff, so promote flexibility. Consist of the protein collagen. The most abundant protein in the body. Found in most types of connective tissues like bone, cartilage, tendon and ligaments.

76
Q

Describe elastic fibres

A

Smaller diameter than collagen, branch together to form a network within a tissue. Consist of the protein elastin surrounded by the glycoprotein fibrillin. They are strong, very stretchable, can return to their original shape easily. Plentiful in skin, blood vessel walls and lung tissue.

77
Q

Describe reticular fibres

A

Consist of collagen and a coating of a glycoprotein. Produced by fibroblasts, much thinner than collagen fibres. Provide support in the walls of blood vessels and provide branching networks around fat cells, nerve fibres, skeletal and smooth muscle cells. Also help form the basement membrane.

78
Q

What is the classification of connective tissues?

A
  1. Loose connective tissue
    A. Areolar connective tissue
    B. Adipose tissue
    C. Reticular connective tissue
  2. Dense connective tissue
    A. Dense regular connective tissue
    B. Dense irregular connective tissue
    C. Elastic connective tissue
3. Supporting connective tissue
A. Cartilage 
a) Hyaline cartilage
b) Fibrocartilage
c) Elastic cartilage 
B. Bone tissue 
C. Liquid connective tissue
a) Blood 
b) Lymph
79
Q

What distinguishes loose connective tissues?

A

The fibres in the tissue are loosely arranged among the many cells

80
Q

Describe areolar connective tissue

A

One of the most widely distributed. Consists of all types of fibres arranged randomly and all types of cells embbeded in a semifluid ground substance.

81
Q

Where is areolar connective tissue found?

A

In and around nearly every body structure, subcutaneous layer deep to skin.

82
Q

What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?

A

Strength, elascticity and support

83
Q

Describe adipose tissue

A

Has cells called adipocytes specialized for storage of tryglycerides.

84
Q

Where is adipose tissue found?

A

Wherever areolar tissue is located. Subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart and kidneys, etc.

85
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue?

A
  • Reduces heat loss through skin
  • Serves as an energy reserve
  • Supports and protects organs
  • Generates considerable heat to maintain body temperature in newborns
86
Q

Describe reticular tissue

A

Fine interlacing of reticular fibres and reticular cells

87
Q

Where is reticular tissue found?

A

Stroma (supporting framework) of many organs like spleen and liver

88
Q

What are the functions of reticular tissue?

A
  • Forms stroma of organs
  • Binds together smooth muscles tissue cells
  • Filters and remove wornout blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes
89
Q

What are the particularities of dense connective tissue?

A

Contains more numerous, thicker and denser fibers, but fewer cells than loose connective tissue

90
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue

A

Extracellular matrix looks shiny white, consists of many collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles, with fibroblasts in row between bundles.

91
Q

Where is regular connective tissue found?

A

It forms tendons, most ligaments and aponeuroses.

92
Q

What is the function of regular connective tissue?

A

It provides a strong attachment between various structures. Tissue structure resists pulling (tension) along long axis of fibres.

93
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue

A

Consists predominantly of collagen fibers randomly arranged and a few fibroblasts

94
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

A

In sheets, such as deeper region of dermis of skin or fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs)

95
Q

What is the function of irregular connective tissue?

A

Provide tensile strength in many directions

96
Q

What are cartilages?

A

A dense network of collagen or elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a rubbery component of the ground substance.

97
Q

How are called the cells of mature cartilage and where are they found?

A

Chrondocytes and they occur singly or in groups called lacunae in the extracellular matrix.

98
Q

What is the pericondrium?

A

A membrane of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds most cartilage

99
Q

Why does cartilage not have blood vessels?

A

Because it generates an antigiogenesis factor that prevents blood vessel growth

100
Q

What are the functions of bone tissue?

A
  • Support soft tissues
  • Protects delicate structures
  • Work with skeletal muscles to create movement
  • Stores calcium, phosphorus, red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow
101
Q

Describe blood tissue

A

A connective tissue with liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma, a pale yellow fluid that contains water and dissolved subtances like nutrients, wastes, enzymes, etc. Suspended in the plama are red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

102
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen to body cells and remove carbon dioxide from them

103
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

Involved in phagocytosis, immunity and allergic reactions

104
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Participate in blood clotting

105
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Contains a resilient gel as ground substance in which are embedded fine collagen fibers. Prominent chondrocytes are found in lacunae, surrounded by perichondrium. Most abundant type of cartilage in the body.

106
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

A

Ends of long bones, embryonic and fetal skeleton

107
Q

What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints
  • Provides flexibility and support
  • Weakest type of cartilage (can be fractured)
108
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A

Consists of chondrocytes scattered among visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within extracellular matrix, lacks perichondrium. Strongest type of cartilage

109
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located?

A

Pubic symphyis, intervertebral discs

110
Q

What are the functions of fibrocartilages?

A
  • Support and joining structures together

- Strength and rigidity

111
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Chrondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix, perichondrium present

112
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located?

A

Epiglottis, part of external ear

113
Q

What are the functions of elastic cartilages?

A
  • Provide strength and elasticity

- Maintains shape of certain structures

114
Q

What is lymph?

A

A fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels. Consists of several cells in a clear extracellular matrix similar to blood plasma, but with less protein.

115
Q

Describe the extracellular matrix and cells for bone tissue

A

The matrix contains mineral salts and collageneous fibers and cells called osteocytes

116
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact or spongy

117
Q

What is the basic unit of compact bone and what is its four parts?

A

The osteon.

  1. The lamella are concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts that give the bone its hardness, and collagen fibers that give bones its strength.
  2. Lacunae are small spaces the lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes
  3. Canalinaculi are minute canals-containing the process of osteocytes, which provide routes for nutrients and waste transport
  4. A central canal contains the blood vessels and nerves. Spongy bone has trabeculae rather than osteons.
118
Q

Describe muscle tissue

A

Consists of elongated muscle fibers that are highly specialized to generate force.

119
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue?

A
  • Produce motion
  • Maintain posture
  • Generate heat
  • Offers protection
120
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue

121
Q

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

A

Attached to the bones, voluntary and striated.

122
Q

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

A

Forms most of the heart walls, striated, usually involuntary

123
Q

Describe smooth muscle tissue

A

Located in the walls of hollow internal structures, is nonstriated and involuntary. It provides motion for constriction of blood vessels, propulsion of food through the gastrointestinal tract, contraction of urinary bladder

124
Q

What are the two kinds of cells in the nervous system?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

125
Q

Describe neurons

A

Convert stimuli into nerve impulses (action potentials) and conduct these impulses to other neurons, to muscle fibers or to glands. Composed of dendrites and axions

126
Q

Describe neuroglia

A

Do not generate nerve impulses, have protective and supportive functions. Often the site of tumours of the nervous system.

127
Q

What is a membrane?

A

A flat pliable sheet of tissue that covers or lines a part of the body

128
Q

What is an epithelial membrane?

A

The combination of the epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue

129
Q

What are the principal epithelial membranes of the body?

A

Mucous, serous and cutaneous

130
Q

What is a synovial membrane?

A

A membrane that lines joints, bursae and tendon sheaths. It contains connective tissue, but no epithelium. It secretes synovial fluid.

131
Q

Where are mucous membranes?

A

Lines body cavity that opens directly to the exterior. They line the entire digestive system, respiratory and reproductive systems.

132
Q

What is the use of the epithelial layer of a mucous membrane?

A

It secretes the mucus, which traps particles, prevents the membrane from drying out, lubricates and acts as a barrier from pathogens.

133
Q

What is the use and name of the connective tissue for a mucous membrane?

A

The name is lamina propria, and it helps bind the the epithelium to the underlying structures, plus provides the epithelium with oxygen and nutrients, and eliminates wastes.

134
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

A membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open to the exterior, and covers the organs that lie inside the cavity.

135
Q

What are the two parts of a serous membrane and what is their use?

A

A parietal layer that is attached to the cavity wall and a viceral layer that covers and attaches to the organs inside these cavities.

136
Q

Give examples of serous membranes

A

Pleura (lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs), peritoneum (lining the abdominal cavity and covering the abdominal organs) and pericardium (lining the heart cavity and covering the heart)

137
Q

Which part of the serous membrane secretes the serous fluid and what is its use?

A

The mesothelium, and it allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against wall of cavities.

138
Q

What is tissue repair?

A

The process of replacing damaged or dead cells.

139
Q

When does tissue repair occur?

A

When inflammation process is complete.

BIOL 1593 Midterm 1 (4 decks)

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