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BIOL 1593 Midterm 1 > Module 1 : An Introduction to the Human Body > Flashcards

Module 1 : An Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

Science of structure and the relationship among structures.

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

Science of body functions (how the body parts work)

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3
Q

How many levels of organization does the human body have ?

A

6

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4
Q

Name the six levels of organization of the human body

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

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5
Q

Describe the chemical level of organization

A

The chemical levels includes atoms, which are the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions and molecules, which are two or more atoms joined together

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6
Q

What is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism ?

A

Cells

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7
Q

What are tissues ?

A

Groups of similarly specialized cells and the substance surrounding them, that usually arise from a common ancestor and perform certain special functions

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8
Q

What is an organ ?

A

A structure of definite form that is composed of two or more types of tissues

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9
Q

What is the level of organization for many organs related together that have a common function ?

A

System level

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10
Q

What is the largest level of organization and what is it composed of ?

A

Organismal level, and it is composed of all the different systems which are structurally and functionaly integrated together

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11
Q

How many body systems is there ?

A

11

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12
Q

List all the principal body systems

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive

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13
Q

What are the components of the integumentary system ?

A

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

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14
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system ?

A
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Protect the body
  • Eliminate some wastes
  • Make vitamin D
  • Detect sensations such as touch, pressure, pain, warmth and cold
  • Stores fat
  • Provides insulation
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15
Q

What is the skeletal system composed of ?

A

Bones, joints and their associated cartilages

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16
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system ?

A
  • Supports and protects the body
  • Provides a specific area for muscle attachment
  • Assists with body movement
  • Stores cells that produce blood cells
  • Stores mineals and lipids
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17
Q

What are the components of the muscular system ?

A

Skeletal muscular tissue

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18
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system ?

A
  • Participates in body movement

- Produces heat

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19
Q

What are the components of the nervous system ?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sens organs such as eyes and ears

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20
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system ?

A
  • Regulates body activities through nervous impulses by detecting changes in the environment, interpreting the changes and responding to the changes by bringing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
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21
Q

What are the components of the endocrine system ?

A

All glands and tissues that produce hormones

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22
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system ?

A

Regulate body activities through hormones transported to the blood by various target organs

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23
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system ?

A

Blood, heart and blood vessels

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24
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system ?

A
  • Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
  • Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
  • Blood helps regulate acidity, temperature and water contents of body fluids
  • Blood components helps defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels
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25
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic and immunity system?

A

Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, etc)

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26
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system ?

A

Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes

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27
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system ?

A
  • Transfer oxygen from inhaled air to blood
  • Transfer carbon dioxide from blood to air
  • Regulate acidity of body fluids
  • Produce sounds through air flowing out of the lungs through vocal cords
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28
Q

Name the components of the digestive system

A

(members of gastrointestinal tracts) Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus
(organs that assist digestive processes) salivary glands, liver, gallblader, pancreas

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29
Q

Name functions of the digestive system

A
  • Physical and chemical breakdown of food
  • Absorb nutrients
  • Eliminate solid waste
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30
Q

What are the components of the urinary system ?

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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31
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system ?

A
  • Produce, store and eliminate urine
  • Eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
  • Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
  • Maintain body’s mineral balance
  • Helps regulate red blood cell production
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32
Q

What are the components of the reproductive system ?

A

Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females)
mammary glands, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina in females
epididymis, ductus deferens and penis in males

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33
Q

What are the functions of the reproductive system ?

A
  • Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
  • Associated organs transport and store gametes
  • Mammary glands produce milk
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34
Q

How many important life processes did we establish for humans ?

A

6

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35
Q

What are the processes that separate non-living organisms from humans ?

A

Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

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36
Q

What is metabolism ?

A

The sum of all the chemical processes that occurr in the body, including the breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller and simpler ones (catabolism) and the building up of complex molecules from smaller ones (anabolism)

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37
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its external or internal environment.

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38
Q

What are the structures in the movement life process ?

A

Whole body, individual organs, single cells, organelles inside cell

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39
Q

What are the causes of body size increase and how is this process called ?

A

The process is called growth. it may be due to an increase in the size of existing cells, the number of cells or the amount of material surrounding the cell

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40
Q

What is differentiation ?

A

The process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized

41
Q

What are the two processes meant by reproduction ?

A

The formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement OR the production of a new individual

42
Q

What is the official definition of homeostasis ?

A

A condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, which is produced by the ceaseless interplay of the all the body’s regulatory processes

43
Q

Which systems regulate homeostasis ?

A

Nervous and endocrine

44
Q

How does the nervous system regulate homeostasis ?

A

By detecting changes from a balanced state and sending messages through nervous impulses to organs that can counteract the change.

45
Q

How does the endocrine system contribute to homeostasis ?

A

It secretes hormones into blood. Hormones affect specific body cells, where they cause responses that restore homeostasis

46
Q

What are the consequences of imbalance in homeostasis ?

A

If moderate, a disease, if strong, death, because all the cells in the human body need a relatively stable environment to function and contribute to the survival of the body as a whole.

47
Q

What is a feedback system ?

A

A cycle of events through which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back to a central control region.

48
Q

What is called a disruption that changes a controlled condition ?

A

Stimulus

49
Q

What are the three parts of a feed back loop ?

A

Receptor, control center and effector

50
Q

What is the role of a receptor in a feedback loop ?

A

It monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends inputs to a control center

51
Q

What is the role of the control center in the feedback loop ?

A

It sets the range of values for the maintenance of a controlled condition, it evaluates the input received from the receptor and generates an output command when needed

52
Q

What is the role of the effector ?

A

It receives the output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

53
Q

What is the difference between a negative and positive feedback loop ?

A

A negative feedback loop is one where the change in the controlled condition is reversed (reverse the original stimulus). In a positive feedback loop, the controlled condition is reinforced (enhance the original stimulus)

54
Q

Describe the regulation of blood pressure and identify its type of feedback

A

If a stimulus causes blood pressure to increase, the higher blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors (receptor) located in the walls of certain blood vessels. The receptors send nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which interprets the impulses and respond by sending nerve impulses (outpout) to the heart (effector). Heat rate decreases, then blood pressure decreases. This is a negative feedback loop.

55
Q

What type of conditions in the body are regulated by negative feedback loops ?

A

Conditions that are held fairly stable over long periods like blood pressure, blood glucose level, body temperature

56
Q

Describe normal childbirth in the perspective of a feedback loop and give the type of feedback

A

The first contraction of labor (stimulus) pushes a part of the fetus into the cervix, which opens into the vagina. Stretch-sensitive nerve cells (receptors) monitor the amount of stretching of the cervix (controlled condition). As stretching increases, they send more nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which releases oxytocin in the blood (output). The hormones cause muscles in the wall of the uterus (effector) to contract even more. The contractions push the fetus further in the uterus, which stretches the cervix even more. The cycle of stretching, hormone, release, stronger contraction, more stretching, etc. is only interrupted by the birth of the baby. Then, stretching ceases and oxytocin is no-longer released. This is a positive feedback loop

57
Q

How are positive and negative feedback loops stopped ?

A

Negative feedback loops stop when the controlled condition is back to the range set by the control center. Positive feedback loops continue until some mechanism interrupts it.

58
Q

What is the difference between disorder and disease ?

A

A disorder is an abnormal structure and/or function. A disease is a more specific term for a disorder recognizable by a set of signs and symptoms

59
Q

What is the difference between signs and symptoms ?

A

Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not visible to an external observer like anxiety or nausea. Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure, like fever or rash.

60
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

The subject stands erect facing the observer, their upper extremities placed to their side, with the palm of their hand turned forward. Their feet are flat on the floor.

61
Q

What is the utility of the anatomical position ?

A

It is a standardized method for observing or imaging the body, which allows precise and consistent anatomical references

62
Q

What are planes and why are they useful ?

A

They are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body. It allows to cut the body or the organ to see a specific section

63
Q

What is a section ?

A

A flat surface that is created by cutting through the body structure

64
Q

What are the principal planes ?

A

sagittal (midsagittal and parasagittal), frontal, transverse and oblique

65
Q

What is a sagittal plane ?

A

A vertical plane that cuts the body structure into right and left sides. If it passes through the midline of the body, it is called a midsagittal (medial) plane. If it divides into two unequal sides, it is called a parasagittal plane

66
Q

What is a frontal plane and what it its other name ?

A

A plane that cuts the body structure intoanterior and posterior portions. It is also called a coronal plane

67
Q

What is a transverse plane and what are its other appelations ?

A

A plane that divides the body structure into superior and inferior portions. The other names are cross-sectional and horizontal planes.

68
Q

What is an oblique plane ?

A

A plane that passes through the body structure at an angle between the sagittal and transverse plane or between the transverse and frontal plane

69
Q

How many directional terms are there ?

A

13

70
Q

What are the directional terms ?

A

Superior (cephalic or cranial) and inferior (caudal), anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal), medial and lateral, intermediate, ipslateral and contralateral, proximal and distal, superficial (external) and deep (internal)

71
Q

What does “The heart is superior to the liver” mean ?

A

That the heart is more towards the head

72
Q

What does “The stomach is inferior to the lungs” mean ?

A

That the stomach is more away from the head than the lungs

73
Q

What does “The sternum is anterior to heart” mean ?

A

That the sternum is nearer to the front of the body

74
Q

What does “The esophagus is posterior to the trachea” mean ?

A

That the esophagus is nearer to the back of the body than the trachea

75
Q

What does “The ulna is medial to the radius” mean ?

A

That the ulna is nearer to the midline of the body than the radius

76
Q

What does “ The lungs are lateral to the heart mean”?

A

That the lungs are farther from the midline of the body than the heart

77
Q

What does “The transverse colon is intermediate to the ascending and descending colons” mean ?

A

That the transverse colon is between the ascending and descending colons

78
Q

What does “ The ascending and descending colons are contralateral” mean ?

A

That the ascending and descending colons are on opposite sides of the body

79
Q

What does “Gallblader and ascending colon are ipsilateral” mean?

A

That gallblader and ascending colons are on the same side of the body

80
Q

What does “Humerus is proximal to the radius’ mean ?

A

That the humerus is closer to the the attachment of the arm to the trunk than the radius

81
Q

What does “The phalanges are distal to the lungs” mean ?

A

That the phalanges are farther from the attachment of the arm to the trunk than the lungs

82
Q

What does “The ribs are superficial to the lungs” mean ?

A

That the ribs are more towards the surface of the body than the lungs

83
Q

What does “The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back” mean ?

A

That the ribs are further away from the surface of the body than skin of the chest and back

84
Q

What are the two main body cavities ?

A

Ventral and dorsal body cavities

85
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavities ?

A

Cranial cavity and vertebral (spinal) canal

86
Q

What forms the cranial cavity and what does it contain?

A

Formed by cranial bones and contains brains

87
Q

What is a body cavity?

A

A space within the body to help protect, separate and support the internal organs

88
Q

What forms the vertebral canal and what does it contain ?

A

Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves

89
Q

What forms the thoracic cavity and what does it contain ?

A

It is the cavity formed by the chest. It contains two pleural cavities and the mediastinum, which includes the pericardial cavity

90
Q

What is the pleural cavity and what does it contain ?

A

Each pleural cavity surrounds a lung with a serous membrane called the pleura

91
Q

What is the pericardial cavity and what does it contain ?

A

It surrounds the heart with a serous membrane called the pericardium

92
Q

What is the mediastenum and what does it contain ?

A

It is a broad median portion between the lungs, from the sternum to the vertebral column. It contains everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs

93
Q

What is the abdominopelvic cavity and what does it contain ?

A

It is subdivided in two subcavities : the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity

94
Q

What does the superior abdominal cavity contain ?

A

It contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallblader, small intestine, most of large intestine

95
Q

What does the inferior pelvic cavity contain ?

A

The urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, internal organs of reproduction

96
Q

What subdivides the ventral body cavity and in what two subdivisions ?

A

The diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into an upper thoracic cavity and a lower abdominopelvic cavity

97
Q

What are the nine abdominopelvic regions ?

A

Right hypocondriac region, epigastric region, left hypocondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right inguinal region, hypogastric region, left inguinal region

98
Q

What is used to devide the abdominopelvic regions in quadrants ?

A

The umbilicus (belly button)

BIOL 1593 Midterm 1 (4 decks)

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