Module 1 : An Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
Define anatomy
A
Science of structure and the relationship among structures.
2
Q
Define physiology
A
Science of body functions (how the body parts work)
3
Q
How many levels of organization does the human body have ?
A
6
4
Q
Name the six levels of organization of the human body
A
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal
5
Q
Describe the chemical level of organization
A
The chemical levels includes atoms, which are the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions and molecules, which are two or more atoms joined together
6
Q
What is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism ?
A
Cells
7
Q
What are tissues ?
A
Groups of similarly specialized cells and the substance surrounding them, that usually arise from a common ancestor and perform certain special functions
8
Q
What is an organ ?
A
A structure of definite form that is composed of two or more types of tissues
9
Q
What is the level of organization for many organs related together that have a common function ?
A
System level
10
Q
What is the largest level of organization and what is it composed of ?
A
Organismal level, and it is composed of all the different organ systems which are structurally and functionaly integrated together
11
Q
How many body systems is there ?
A
11
12
Q
List all the principal body systems
A
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive
13
Q
What are the components of the integumentary system ?
A
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
14
Q
What are the functions of the integumentary system ?
A
- Regulate body temperature
- Protect the body
- Eliminate some wastes
- Make vitamin D
- Detect sensations such as touch, pressure, pain, warmth and cold
- Stores fat
- Provides insulation
encloses internal body structures and site of many receptors
15
Q
What is the skeletal system composed of ?
A
Bones, joints and their associated cartilages
16
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal system ?
A
- Supports and protects the body
- Provides a specific area for muscle attachment
- Assists with body movement
- Stores cells that produce blood cells
- Stores mineals and lipids
- Support the body
- Enables movement
17
Q
What are the components of the muscular system ?
A
Skeletal muscular tissue
18
Q
What are the functions of the muscular system ?
A
- Participates in body movement
- Produces heat
19
Q
What are the components of the nervous system ?
A
Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sens organs such as eyes and ears
20
Q
What are the functions of the nervous system ?
A
- Regulates body activities through nervous impulses by detecting changes in the environment, interpreting the changes and responding to the changes by bringing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
21
Q
What are the components of the endocrine system ?
A
All glands and tissues that produce hormones
22
Q
What is the function of the endocrine system ?
A
Regulate body activities through hormones transported to the blood by various target organs
23
Q
What are the components of the cardiovascular system ?
A
Blood, heart and blood vessels
24
Q
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system ?
A
- Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
- Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
- Blood helps regulate acidity, temperature and water contents of body fluids
- Blood components helps defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels
- delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes body temperature
25
What are the components of the lymphatic and immune system?
Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, etc)
| thymus, lumph nodes, spleen, lumphatic vessels
26
What are the components of the respiratory system ?
Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes
| Nasal passage, trachera, lungs
27
What are the functions of the respiratory system ?
- Transfer oxygen from inhaled air to blood
- Transfer carbon dioxide from blood to air
- Regulate acidity of body fluids
- Produce sounds through air flowing out of the lungs through vocal cords
| - Removes co2 from the body
- Delivers oxygen to blood
28
Name the components of the digestive system
(members of gastrointestinal tracts) Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus
(organs that assist digestive processes) salivary glands, liver, gallblader, pancreas
| stomach, liver, gallblader, large and small intestines
29
Name functions of the digestive system
- Physical and chemical breakdown of food
- Absorb nutrients
- Eliminate solid waste
30
What are the components of the urinary system ?
Kidneys, urinary bladder
31
What are the functions of the urinary system ?
- Produce, store and eliminate urine
- Eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
- Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
- Maintain body's mineral balance
- Helps regulate red blood cell production
| - Controls water balance in the body
- remove waste from blood
32
What are the components of the reproductive system ?
Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females)
mammary glands, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina in females
epididymis, ductus deferens and penis in males
| gonads + epididymis or (uterus + mammary glands)
33
What are the functions of the reproductive system ?
- Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
- Associated organs transport and store gametes
- Mammary glands produce milk
| -Produces sex hormones and gametes
- delivers gametes to female (male)
34
How many important life processes did we establish for humans ?
6
35
What are the processes that separate non-living organisms from humans ?
Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
36
What is metabolism ?
The sum of all the chemical processes that occurr in the body, including the breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller and simpler ones (catabolism) and the building up of complex molecules from smaller ones (anabolism)
37
What is responsiveness?
The body's ability to detect and respond to changes in its external or internal environment.
38
What are the structures in the movement life process ?
Whole body, individual organs, single cells, organelles inside cell
39
What are the causes of body size increase and how is this process called ?
The process is called growth. it may be due to an increase in the size of existing cells, the number of cells or the amount of material surrounding the cell
40
What is differentiation ?
The process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized
41
What are the two processes meant by reproduction ?
The formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement OR the production of a new individual
42
What is the official definition of homeostasis ?
A condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment, which is produced by the ceaseless interplay of the all the body's regulatory processes
43
Which systems regulate homeostasis ?
Nervous and endocrine
44
How does the nervous system regulate homeostasis ?
By detecting changes from a balanced state and sending messages through nervous impulses to organs that can counteract the change.
45
How does the endocrine system contribute to homeostasis ?
It secretes hormones into blood. Hormones affect specific body cells, where they cause responses that restore homeostasis
46
What are the consequences of imbalance in homeostasis ?
If moderate, a disease, if strong, death, because all the cells in the human body need a relatively stable environment to function and contribute to the survival of the body as a whole.
47
What is a feedback system ?
A cycle of events through which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back to a central control region.
48
What is called a disruption that changes a controlled condition ?
Stimulus
49
What are the three parts of a feed back loop ?
Receptor, control center and effector
50
What is the role of a receptor in a feedback loop ?
It monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends inputs to a control center
51
What is the role of the control center in the feedback loop ?
It sets the range of values for the maintenance of a controlled condition, it evaluates the input received from the receptor and generates an output command when needed
52
What is the role of the effector ?
It receives the output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
53
What is the difference between a negative and positive feedback loop ?
A negative feedback loop is one where the change in the controlled condition is reversed (reverse the original stimulus). In a positive feedback loop, the controlled condition is reinforced (enhance the original stimulus)
54
Describe the regulation of blood pressure and identify its type of feedback
If a stimulus causes blood pressure to increase, the higher blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors (receptor) located in the walls of certain blood vessels. The receptors send nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which interprets the impulses and respond by sending nerve impulses (outpout) to the heart (effector). Heat rate decreases, then blood pressure decreases. This is a negative feedback loop.
55
What type of conditions in the body are regulated by negative feedback loops ?
Conditions that are held fairly stable over long periods like blood pressure, blood glucose level, body temperature
56
Describe normal childbirth in the perspective of a feedback loop and give the type of feedback
The first contraction of labor (stimulus) pushes a part of the fetus into the cervix, which opens into the vagina. Stretch-sensitive nerve cells (receptors) monitor the amount of stretching of the cervix (controlled condition). As stretching increases, they send more nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which releases oxytocin in the blood (output). The hormones cause muscles in the wall of the uterus (effector) to contract even more. The contractions push the fetus further in the uterus, which stretches the cervix even more. The cycle of stretching, hormone, release, stronger contraction, more stretching, etc. is only interrupted by the birth of the baby. Then, stretching ceases and oxytocin is no-longer released. This is a positive feedback loop
57
How are positive and negative feedback loops stopped ?
Negative feedback loops stop when the controlled condition is back to the range set by the control center. Positive feedback loops continue until some mechanism interrupts it.
58
What is the difference between disorder and disease ?
A disorder is an abnormal structure and/or function. A disease is a more specific term for a disorder recognizable by a set of signs and symptoms
59
What is the difference between signs and symptoms ?
Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not visible to an external observer like anxiety or nausea. Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure, like fever or rash.
60
Describe the anatomical position
The subject stands erect facing the observer, their upper extremities placed to their side, with the palm of their hand turned forward. Their feet are flat on the floor.
61
What is the utility of the anatomical position ?
It is a standardized method for observing or imaging the body, which allows precise and consistent anatomical references
62
What are planes and why are they useful ?
They are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body. It allows to cut the body or the organ to see a specific section
63
What is a section ?
A flat surface that is created by cutting through the body structure
64
What are the principal planes ?
sagittal (midsagittal and parasagittal), frontal, transverse and oblique
65
What is a sagittal plane ?
A vertical plane that cuts the body structure into right and left sides. If it passes through the midline of the body, it is called a midsagittal (medial) plane. If it divides into two unequal sides, it is called a parasagittal plane
66
What is a frontal plane and what it its other name ?
A plane that cuts the body structure intoanterior and posterior portions. It is also called a coronal plane
67
What is a transverse plane and what are its other appelations ?
A plane that divides the body structure into superior and inferior portions. The other names are cross-sectional and horizontal planes.
68
What is an oblique plane ?
A plane that passes through the body structure at an angle between the sagittal and transverse plane or between the transverse and frontal plane
69
How many directional terms are there ?
13
70
What are the directional terms ?
Superior (cephalic or cranial) and inferior (caudal), anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal), medial and lateral, intermediate, ipslateral and contralateral, proximal and distal, superficial (external) and deep (internal)
71
What does "The heart is superior to the liver" mean ?
That the heart is more towards the head
72
What does "The stomach is inferior to the lungs" mean ?
That the stomach is more away from the head than the lungs
73
What does "The sternum is anterior to heart" mean ?
That the sternum is nearer to the front of the body
74
What does "The esophagus is posterior to the trachea" mean ?
That the esophagus is nearer to the back of the body than the trachea
75
What does "The ulna is medial to the radius" mean ?
That the ulna is nearer to the midline of the body than the radius
76
What does " The lungs are lateral to the heart mean"?
That the lungs are farther from the midline of the body than the heart
77
What does "The transverse colon is intermediate to the ascending and descending colons" mean ?
That the transverse colon is between the ascending and descending colons
78
What does " The ascending and descending colons are contralateral" mean ?
That the ascending and descending colons are on opposite sides of the body
79
What does "Gallblader and ascending colon are ipsilateral" mean?
That gallblader and ascending colons are on the same side of the body
80
What does "Humerus is proximal to the radius' mean ?
That the humerus is closer to the the attachment of the arm to the trunk than the radius
81
What does "The phalanges are distal to the lungs" mean ?
That the phalanges are farther from the attachment of the arm to the trunk than the lungs
82
What does "The ribs are superficial to the lungs" mean ?
That the ribs are more towards the surface of the body than the lungs
83
What does "The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back" mean ?
That the ribs are further away from the surface of the body than skin of the chest and back
84
What are the two main body cavities ?
Ventral and dorsal body cavities
85
What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavities ?
Cranial cavity and vertebral (spinal) canal
86
What forms the cranial cavity and what does it contain?
Formed by cranial bones and contains brains
87
What is a body cavity?
A space within the body to help protect, separate and support the internal organs
88
What forms the vertebral canal and what does it contain ?
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves
89
What forms the thoracic cavity and what does it contain ?
It is the cavity formed by the chest. It contains two pleural cavities and the mediastinum, which includes the pericardial cavity
90
What is the pleural cavity and what does it contain ?
Each pleural cavity surrounds a lung with a serous membrane called the pleura
91
What is the pericardial cavity and what does it contain ?
It surrounds the heart with a serous membrane called the pericardium
92
What is the mediastenum and what does it contain ?
It is a broad median portion between the lungs, from the sternum to the vertebral column. It contains everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs
93
What is the abdominopelvic cavity and what does it contain ?
It is subdivided in two subcavities : the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity
94
What does the superior abdominal cavity contain ?
It contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallblader, small intestine, most of large intestine
95
What does the inferior pelvic cavity contain ?
The urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, internal organs of reproduction
96
What subdivides the ventral body cavity and in what two subdivisions ?
The diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into an upper thoracic cavity and a lower abdominopelvic cavity
97
What are the nine abdominopelvic regions ?
Right hypocondriac region, epigastric region, left hypocondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right inguinal region, hypogastric region, left inguinal region
98
What is used to devide the abdominopelvic regions in quadrants ?
The umbilicus (belly button)
99
What are the functions of the lymphatic system ?
Returns fluid to blood and defend against pathogens
