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Organs and Tissues > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of related cells that work/join together to carry out specific functions

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2
Q

What are the four main types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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3
Q

What is the general purpose of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Is the lining of surfaces

- secretes parts of basement membranes

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4
Q

What is simple cuboidal tissue?

A

An epithelial tissue which lines ducts and tubes, allowing material to pass
(found in kidney tubules/sweat ducts/thyroid gland/breast tissue)

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5
Q

Structure of simple cuboidal tissue?

A

Single cellular, cube shaped with spherical nuclei

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6
Q

What is simple columnar tissue?

A

An epithelial tissue associated with cilia - Cilia transports the flow of dirty mucus to the exterior
(found in the trachea/bronchi/villi in the small intestine)

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7
Q

Structure of simple columnar tissue?

A

A tall and deep cell, single cell layered, with slightly oval nuclei, found near goblet cells (GC’s secrete mucus)

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8
Q

What is simple squamous tissue?

A

An epithelial tissue which allows materials to pass through via diffusion and osmosis
(found in lung alveoli/blood capillaries/bowman’s capsule of nephrons)

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9
Q

Structure of simple squamos tissue?

A

Very flat and scaly, single cell layer - delicate and thin cells where each nucleus forms a lump in the middle of the cell

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10
Q

What is simple ciliated tissue?

A

A type of epithelial tissue where the cilia are tiny hair like structures on the surface of the cell which sweep dust/hair/bacteria up to the back of the throat

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11
Q

What is compound simple tissue?

A

An epithelial tissue made up of multiple layers of cells which hamper the passage of material
(vagina/mouth/tongue are all lined by stratified epithelial layers of either squamous/cuboidal/columnar cells)

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12
Q

What is compound keratinised tissue?

A

A type of compound epithelial tissue which is the outer layer of skin cells that have died and hardened - the layer protects tissues underneath - make up external layer of skin and stomach lining

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13
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

The tough tissue binding internal structures together - providing support/elasticity.
Forms large parts of: skin/tendons/joints/ligaments/blood vessels/muscles

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14
Q

What are the 6 types of connective tissue?

A 
Blood
Cartilage
Bone
Lymph
Areolar tissue
Adipose tissue
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15
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Smooth/firm substance protecting bone ends from friction - forms major part of nose and ear flaps

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16
Q

What is bone?

A

A harder substance than cartilage which can be worn away - designed to weight bear and protect vital organs (limb bones are hollow)

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17
Q

What are the three major compartments of bone?

A 
Calcium salts (form around collagen fibres to give bone its hardness)
Collagen fibres (offer ability to bend under strain)
Bone cells (osteocytes)
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18
Q

What do calcium salts do?

A

form around collagen fibres - giving the bone its hardness

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19
Q

What do collagen fibres do?

A

Offer some flexibility - allow the bone to bend under strain - preventing the bone being too brittle

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20
Q

What are bone cells called?

A

Oeteocytes

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21
Q

What is areolar tissue?

A

Most common connective tissue (also known as loose connective tissue)
It is a sticky white material which binds muscle groups together

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22
Q

Structure and elements of areolar tissue?

A

Semi fluid containing collagen fibres and elastic fibres - elastic fibres giving flexibility to the tissue

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23
Q

What is the dermis?

A

A deeper skin layer which is made of a denser type of areolar tissue with extra fibres and cells

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24
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Fatty tissue - loose connective tissue in which adipose(fat) cells have multiplied - usually under the skin and around organs

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25
Q

Purpose of adipose tissue?

A

Store energy in the form of fat, helps insulate body, protects against injury

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26
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Striated
Non-striated
Cardiac

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27
Q

What do all three types of muscle tissue have in common?

A

All muscles respond to stimuli
Each tissue is composed of muscle fibres capable of shortening (contracting) and returning to their original state (relaxing)

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28
Q

Contraction causes movement of the …

A

Skeleton, soft tissue, blood, also urine/faeces/food

29
Q

What is striated muscle tissue?

A

Connective tissue attached to bones e.g. some facial muscles are attached to skin

30
Q

How does striated muscle work?

A

Contracts when it receives impulses by conscious thought from the CNS

31
Q

What does striated muscle consist of (structurally)?

A

Repeated individual fibres/elements (sacromeres) which show alternate dark and light banding (due to the muscle protein filaments from which it is made up of)
Each fibre is cylindrical and multinucleate
Contains lots of mitochondria

32
Q

Why can striated muscle also be known as voluntary, striped or skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary - movement of the muscle is conscious (CNS)
Striped - due to striations
Skeletal - it is attached to the bone of the skeleton

33
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary muscle which requires nervous stimulation to contract (via autonomic NS)
It is not attached to bones but around hollow internal organs e.g. stomach/intestines/iris of the eye

34
Q

What does smooth muscle consist of (structurally)?

A

Made up of sheets/strands of muscle cells with singular central nuclei
These cells are composed of actin and myosin fibres along with other proteins
the protein filaments do not lie orderly and so do not have striations

35
Q

What does peristalsis entail?

A

it is a series of wave-like (smooth) muscle contractions that move food to different processing stations in the digestive tract
Begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed

36
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

The muscle only found in the four chambers of the heart

It rhythmically contracts without any nervous stimulation but through an electrical stimulation at the Sinoatrial node

37
Q

What does cardiac muscle consist of (structurally)?

A

Cardiac muscle fibers have a single nucleus, are branched, and joined to one another by intercalated discs that contain gap junctions (for depolarization between cells) and desmosomes to hold the fibres together when the heart contracts

38
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

The brain
The spinal cord
Nerves

39
Q

What does the NS create?

A

Consistency, co-ordination and communication between parts of the body

40
Q

What are organs?

A

The body’s essential structures which all carry out their own specific functions to keep the body running

41
Q

What are organs made up of?

A

Several types of tissue and therefore several cell types
e.g the heart contains muscle tissue to pump the blood, fibrous tissue to make up heart valves and special cells to maintain rhythm and rate of HB

42
Q

What are the 15 organs of the body?

A 
Heart
Lungs
Brain
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Duodenum (part of small intestine)
ileum (part of small intestine)
Colon (large intestine)
Kidneys
Bladder
Ovaries
Testes
Uterus
Skin
43
Q

Where is the heart situated in the body?

A

The heart is positioned in the chest behind the sternum (breastbone); in front of the trachea, esophagus, and aorta; and above the diaphragm

44
Q

What is the structure of the heart?

A

The heart is divided into four chambers: two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower ventricles). The pulmonary trunk is a vessel that brings deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle into the lungs. Pulmonary veins return the oxygenated blood from the lungs back into the heart

45
Q

What is the main function of the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes

46
Q

Where are the lungs situated in the body?

A

On either side of the breastbone (sternum) in the chest cavity - divided into five main sections (lobes)

47
Q

What is the structure of the lungs?

A

A pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles)

48
Q

What is the main function of the lungs?

A
  • Inhalation and Exhalation (Pulmonary Ventilation/breathing!)
  • External Respiration Exchanges Gases Between the Lungs and the Bloodstream
  • Internal Respiration Exchanges Gases Between the Bloodstream and Body Tissues
  • Air Vibrating the Vocal Cords Creates Sound
  • Olfaction, or Smelling, Is a Chemical Sensation
49
Q

General cell shape associated with ‘squamous’ epithelium?

A

Flat

50
Q

General cell shape associated with ‘cuboidal’ epithelium?

A

Square

51
Q

General cell shape associated with ‘columnar’ epithelium?

A

Tall and deep

52
Q

General structure of layering associated with ‘simple’ epithelium?

A

Single cellular layer - not protective but specialises in absorption/secretion/filtration

53
Q

General structure of layering associated with ‘stratified’ epithelium?

A

Multiple layers

54
Q

Keratinised meaning …

A

External parts of the body

55
Q

Non-keratinised meaning …

A

Line wet areas of the body, such as: tongue/mouth

56
Q

General structure of layering associated with ‘Pseudostratified’ epithelium?

A

Appears to have multiple layers but does not - only one

57
Q

What is the blood made up of?

A

Plasma
RBC’s
Thrombocytes (platelets)
WBC’s

58
Q

What are two types of nerve cells?

A 
Neurones
Neuroglial cells (glia)
59
Q

What are neurones?

A

Highly specialised nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

60
Q

What are neuroglial cells (glia)?

A

Supporting cells that provide support and nutrition within the NS, remove debris and provide electrical insulation

61
Q

What is the general process of the NS?

A

NS interprets stimuli from sense organs so that sensations become apparent

62
Q

What are all the 10 systems of the body?

A 
Nervous system
Immune s
Digestive s
Cardiovascular s
Integumentary s
Respiratory s
Endocrine s
Reproductive s
Excretory s
Musculoskeletal s
63
Q

What is nervous tissue responsible for?

A

Controlling and co-ordinating many bodily activities and communicating things between different areas of the body

64
Q

Where is nervous tissue found?

A

In the brain, spinal cord and nerves around the entire body

65
Q

Where are simple cuboidal cells found?

A

In breast tissue

66
Q

Where are simple columnar cells found?

A

In the trachea

67
Q

Where is compound simple epithelial tissue found?

A

In mucous membranes

68
Q

Most common tissue type in the body?

A

Areolar

Organs and Tissues (3 decks)

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