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Organs and Tissues > The skin > Flashcards

The skin Flashcards

1
Q

The purpose of skin?

A

Protects body against infection, and extreme temperatures; maintains balance of fluids and synthesises vitamin d

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2
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

An organ system, consisting of: The skin, nails, hair and exocrine glands

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3
Q

What three components make up the integumentary system?

A

The Cutaneous membrane; the Subcutaneous layer and the accessory structures

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4
Q

What is the Cutaneous membrane and what does this divide into (2 parts to it)?

A

The skin - The epidermis (above/superficial layer of skin)

-The dermis: an underlying area of connective tissue

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5
Q

What is the Subcutaneous layer?

A

Below/bottom of the dermis - the loose connective tissue of the subcutaneous (also known as the Hypodermis)

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6
Q

What are the accessory structures?

A

Hair, nails, exocrine glands

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7
Q

How is skin involved in excretion?

A

It excretes salts, water and organic waste

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8
Q

How is the skin involved in protection?

A

Acts as a barrier to underlying tissues and protects organs against impact/abrasion/fluid loss/chemical attack

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9
Q

How is the skin involved in sensory detection?

A

Touch, pain, temperature, pressure

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10
Q

How is the skin involved in temperature regulation?

A

It maintains the normal body temp through insulation or evaporative cooling

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11
Q

How is the skin involved in storage?

A

Lipids are stored within adipocytes in the dermis and the subcutaneous layer

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12
Q

How is the skin involved in metabolic functions?

A

The skin plays a part in the synthesis of vitamin D3 - which is a steroid that converts to Calcitriol ( a hormone which plays a role in calcium metabolism)

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13
Q

How is the skin involved in mitosis?

A

In growth and repair of skin

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14
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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15
Q

Characteristics of the Stratum Corneum?

A

Top layer of the epidermis - made of many layers of dead cells
The cells contain keratin and are surrounded by lipids
Glycolipids provide waterproofing
Protects body from external environment

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16
Q

Characteristics of the Stratum Lucidum?

A

Second top layer of the epidermis -
Thin translucent band
A few rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes (the main type of epidermis cells)

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17
Q

Characteristics of the Stratum Granulosum?

A

Middle layer of epidermis -
Keratinocytes appear flattened and a protein envelope form - cell organelles are disintegrating which accumulates 2 types of granules:
Keratohyaline granules
Lamellated granules

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18
Q

What are Keratinocytes?

A

Cells of the epidermis (making up 90% of epidermis cells)

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19
Q

What are Keratohyalin granules?

A

A protein structure found in cytoplasmic granules (in the cytoplasm) of Keratinocytes, in the Stratum Granulosum

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20
Q

What is the function of the Keratohyaline granules?

A

They help the formation of keratin in the upper layers

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21
Q

What is the function of Lamellated granules?

A

Contains water-resistant glycolipid - which are secreted into the extracellular space, and slows down any water loss across the epidermis

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22
Q

Characteristics of the Stratum Spinosum?

A

Second bottom layer of epidermis -
Several layers thick of spiny/irregular keratinocytes which are held together by desmosomes (the keratinocytes contains bundles of pre-keratin filaments)

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23
Q

Characteristics of the Stratum Basale?

A

The bottom/base layer of the epidermis -
Single row of cells with a wavy line of cells over the dermis
It is the site for active cell division (mitosis) and therefore new Keratinocytes are made

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24
Q

What four types of cells make the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans’ cells
Merkel cells

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25
Q

What are characteristics of Keratinocytes?

A
  • Formed in the stratum basale
  • continuously undergoing mitosis
  • produce keratin
  • connected by desmosomes
  • cells pushed upwards and new cells form beneath
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26
Q

What four types of cells make the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans’ cells
Merkel cells

27
Q

What are characteristics of Keratinocytes?

A
  • Epithelial cells in epidermal layer (formed in the stratum basale)
  • continuously undergoing mitosis
  • produce keratin
  • connected by desmosomes
  • cells pushed upwards and new cells form beneath
28
Q

What are characteristics of Melanocytes?

A
  • Spider shaped epithelial cells
  • Located in the stratum basale
  • They synthesise melanin in membrane-bound granules called melanosomes
29
Q

What is melanin?

A

A natural skin pigment - hair/skin/eye colour mostly depends on the type and amount of melanin a person/animal has

30
Q

Characteristics of the dermis?

A
  • Strong flexible thick layer of connective tissue

- It has a semifluid matrix embedded with fibres

31
Q

Characteristics of Merkel cells?

A
  • Epithelial cells which are located at the epidermal-dermal junction
  • They have a spiky hemisphere
  • each cell is associated with a sensory nerve ending
  • Acts as a sensory touch receptor
32
Q

Characteristics of the dermis?

A
  • Strong flexible thick layer of connective tissue

-

33
Q

What cells makeup the Dermis?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBC’s

34
Q

What Is the dermis richly supplied with?

A

Nerve fibres, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

35
Q

What are the two major components of the Dermis?

A

A superficial papillary layer

A deeper reticular layer

36
Q

What is the superficial papillary layer?

A

A section of the Dermis, made up of mainly loose connective tissue

37
Q

What is the deeper reticular layer?

A

A section of the Dermis, thick layer of dense connective tissue giving strength and elasticity

38
Q

What is the Hypodermis?

A

The layer below the dermis, made up of subcutaneous fat;

which connects the skin to the underlying tissues of muscle and bone

39
Q

Characteristics of the Hypodermis?

A
  • Made of adipose tissue
  • Acts as a shock absorber and insulator
  • Contains large blood vessels
40
Q

What is the Hypodermis?

A

The layer below the dermis, made up of subcutaneous fat

41
Q

Characteristics of the Hypodermis?

A
  • Made of adipose tissue
  • Acts as a shock absorber and insulator
  • Contains large blood vessels
42
Q

What do free nerve endings in the skin respond to?

A 
Painful stimuli;
Temperature;
itch;
joint movement;
proprioception (perception of body's position and movement)
43
Q

What do Merkel’s disks in the skin detect?

A

Detect light, touch and superficial pressure

44
Q

What do hair follicle receptors in the skin detect?

A

Light touch

45
Q

What does Meissner’s corpuscles in the skin detect?

A

Light touch and two-point discrimination - an object slipping in someones hand

46
Q

What does Ruffini’s end organs in the skin detect?

A

Continuous touch or pressure

47
Q

What does Pacinian corpuscles in the skin detect?

A

Deep pressure, vibration and proprioception

48
Q

What are accessory structures of the dermis?

A

Sebaceous glands;
Holocrine glands (oil glands);
Sweat glands

49
Q

What are accessory structures of the epidermis?

A 
Merocrine sweat glands
Apocrine glands (develop after puberty)
50
Q

What is the variation in skin colour due to?

A

Melanin, carotene and haemoglobin

51
Q

Functions of the accessory structure nails?

A
  • Strengthen the endings of each digit
  • protective covering for fingertip and surrounded tissue
  • enhance fine movements (e.g. scratching)
  • play a sensory role
52
Q

What is the variation in skin colour due to?

A

Melanin, carotene and haemoglobin

53
Q

What does melanin do?

A

Regulates our reaction to the sun and its rays

54
Q

What is the purpose of dark skin?

A

Evolved to protect the body from excessive sun light

55
Q

What is the purpose of light skin?

A

They needed to make vitamin D in their skin, which required them to lose some of their melanin pigment

56
Q

Do light skinned and dark skinned people have the same number of melanocytes?

A

Yes, however darker skinned people produce more melanosomes and keratinocytes and retain melanin for longer

57
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Melanin producing cells in the bottom layer of the epidermis (stratum basale)

58
Q

What are melanosomes?

A

An organelle responsible for the synthesis, storage and transport of melanin

59
Q

What actually are freckles and pigmented moles?

A

Accumulation of melanin

60
Q

Why is some exposure to sun light benefitial?

A

Causes melanin build up to protect the DNA of skin cells

61
Q

What is the rule of nines?

A

Used as a way to assess trauma in burns

62
Q

What are the six sections of the body in the rules of nines for burns?

A 
Head and neck 9%
Chest and upper back (9% each)
Arms (9% each)
Abdomen and lower back (9% each)
Genital area (1%)
Leg (18% each)
63
Q

How does skin change as it ages?

A

Less elastic;
more dry;
thinner;
change in colour

64
Q

What should you ensure to look for when assessing elderly skin?

A

Dryness - do they need cream/special soap

Ulcers/sores/cuts/skin tears/rashing

Organs and Tissues (3 decks)

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