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Anatomy & Physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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2
Q

pathologist

A

looks for tissue changes that indicate disease

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3
Q

4 basic tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

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4
Q

epithelial tissues

A

covers surfaces b/c cells are in contact. lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts. forms glands when cells sink under the surface

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5
Q

Connective tissue

A

material found between cells. supports and binds structures together. stores energy as fat. provides immunity to disease

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6
Q

muscle tissue

A

cells shorten in length producing movement

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7
Q

nerve tissue

A

cells that conduct electrical signals. detects charges inside and outside the body. responds with nerve impulses

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8
Q

origin of tissues

A
  • Primary germ layers within the embryo
  • -endoderm
  • -mesoderm
  • -ectoderm
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9
Q

Tissue derivations

A
  • epithelium from all three germ layers
  • connective tissue and muscle from mesoderm
  • nerve tissue from ectoderm
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10
Q

Biopsy

A

removal of living tissue for microscopic examination

  • surgery
  • needle biopsy

Useful for diagnosis, especially cancer.
Tissue preserved, sectioned and stained before microscopic viewing

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11
Q

5 Cell Junctions

A

Tight Junctions, Adherens juctions, gap juctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

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12
Q

Tight Junctions

A
  • watertight seal between cells
  • plasma membranes fused with a strip of proteins
  • common between cells that line GI and bladder
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13
Q

Adherens Junctions

A
  • Holds epithelial cells together
  • Structural components
    • Plaque (dense layer of proteins inside the cell membrane)
    • Microfilaments extend into cytoplasm
    • integral membrane proteins connect to membrane of other cell
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14
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • resist cellular separation and cell disruption and cell disruption
  • similar structure to adherens junction except intracellular intermediate filaments cross cytoplasm of cell
  • cellular support of cardiac muscle
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15
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

half a desmosome

- connect cells to extracellular material- basement membrane

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16
Q

gap junctions

A
  • tiny space between plasma membranes of two cells
  • crossed by protein channels called connexons forming fluid filled tunnels
  • cell communication with ions and small molecules
  • muscle and nerve impulses spread from cell to cell hearth and smooth muscles of gut
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17
Q

Epithelial Tissue- general features

A
  • closely packed cells forming continuous sheets
  • cells sit on basement membrane
  • apical (upper) free surface
  • avascular– without blood vessels (nutrients diffuse in from underlying connective tissue)
  • good nerve supply
  • rapid cell division
  • covering/lining versus glandular types
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18
Q

basement membrane

A
  • basal lamina (from epithelial cells; collagen fibers)
  • reticular lamina (secreted by connective tissue cells; reticular fibers)
  • holds cells to connective tissue
  • guide for cell migration during development
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19
Q

Types of epithelium

A
  • covering and lining epithelium

- glandular epithelium

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20
Q

Covering and lining epithelium

A
  • epidermis of skin
  • lining of blood vessels and ducts
  • lining respiratory, reproductive, and urinary and GI tract
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21
Q

Glandular epithelium

A
  • secreting portion of glands

- thryoid, adrenal, and sweat glands

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22
Q

Classification of epithelium

A

Classified by arrangement of cells into layers

  • simple= one cell layer thick
  • stratified= many cell layers thick
  • pseudostratified= single layer of cells where all cells don’t reach apical surface (nuclei found at different levels so it looks multilayered)

Classified by shape of surface cells

  • Squamous- flat
  • cuboidal= cube-shaped
  • columnar= tall column
  • transitional= shape varies with tissue stretching
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23
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

single layer of flat cells

  • lines blood vessels (endothelium), body cavities (mesothelium)
  • very thin–controls diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
  • nuclei centrally located

cells in direct contact with eachother

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24
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  • Single layer of cube shaped cells viewed from the side
  • nuclei round and centrally located
  • lines tubes of kidney
  • absorption or secretion
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25
Q

Nonciliated Simple Columnar

A
  • Single Layer of rectangular cells
  • unicellular glands= goblet cells secrete mucus (lubricate GI, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems)
  • microvilli=fingerlike cytoplasmic projections- for absorption in GI tract (stomach to anus)
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26
Q

Ciliated Simple Columnar

A
  • Single layer rectangular cells with cilia

- mucus from goblet cells moved along by cilia (found in respiratory system and uterine tubes)

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27
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • several layers thick
  • surface cells flat
  • keratinized= surface cells dead and filled with keratin (skin- epidermis)
  • nonkeratinized= no keratin in moist living cells at surface (mouth, vagina)
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28
Q

Pap Smear

A
  • collect sloughed off cells of uterus and vaginal walls
  • detects cellular changes (precancerous cells)
  • annually for women over 18 or if sexually active
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29
Q

Stratified cuboidal epitherlium

A
  • multilayered

- surface cells cuboidal - rare (only found in sweat gland ducts and male urethra)

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30
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

multilayered, surface cells columnar, rare (very large ducts & part of male urethra)

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31
Q

transitional epithelium

A

multilayered, surface cells vary in shape from round to flat if stretched, lines hollow organs that expand from within (urinary bladder)

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32
Q

pseudostratified

A
  • single cell layer
  • all cells attach to basement membrane but not all reach free surface
  • nuclei at varying depths
  • respiratory system, male urethra & epidiymis
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33
Q

glandular epithelium

A
  • derived from epithelial cells that sank below the surface during development
  • Exocrine glands- cells that secrete– sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive enzymes onto free surface of epithelial layer; connected to the surface by tubes (ducts); unicellular glands or multicellular glands
  • endocrine- secrete hormones into bloodstream; hormones help maintain homeostasis
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34
Q

structural classification of exocrine glands

A
  • unicellular are single celled glands- goblet cells

- multicellular glands- branched (compound) or unbranched (simple); tubular or acinar (flask like) shape

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35
Q

Methods of glandular secretion

A
  • merocrine- most glands (cells release their products by exocytosis— saliva, digestive enzymes & sweat)
  • apocrine- smelly sweat & milk; upper part of cell possibly pinches off and dies
  • holocrine- oil gland; whole cells die & rupture to release their products
36
Q

Connective Tissues

A
  • cells rarely touch due to extracellular matrix
  • matrix (fibers & ground substance secreted by cells)
  • consistency vaies from liquid, gel to solid
  • does not occur on free surface
  • good nerve & blood supply except cartilage & tendons
37
Q

Cell types

A 
blast type cells
cyte type cells
macrophages
plasma
mast cells
adipocytes
38
Q

Blast type cells

A
  • retain ability to divide and produce matrix (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts)
39
Q

cyte type cells

A

mature cell that con not divide or produce matrix (chondrocytes and osteocytes)

40
Q

macrophages

A
  • develop from monocytes

- engulf bacteria and debris by phagocytosis

41
Q

Plasma cells

A
  • develop from B lymphocytes

- produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances

42
Q

Mast cells

A

produce histamine that dilate small blood vessels

43
Q

Adipcytes

A

fatt cells- store fat

44
Q

Connective Tissue Ground Substance

A
  • supports the cells and fibers
  • helps determine the consistency of the matrix- fluid, gel or solid
  • contains many large molecules- hyaluronic acide is thick, viscous and slippery; condroitin sulfate is jellylike substance providing support; adhesion proteins (fibronectin) binds collagen fibers to ground substance
45
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Fibers

A

Collagen, Elastin, Reticular

46
Q

Collagen

A

(25% of protein in your body)

  • tough, resistant to pull, yet pliable
  • formed from the protein collagen
47
Q

Elastin

A

(lungs, blood vessels, ear cartilage)

  • smaller diameter fibers formed from protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein (fibrillin)
  • can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to original shape
48
Q

Reticular

A

(spleen and lymph nodes)

  • thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs
  • formed from protein collagen
49
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A
  • inherited disorder of fibrillin gene
  • abnormal development of elastic fibers
  • tendency to be tall with very long legs, arms, fingers, and toes
  • live threatening weakening of aorta may lead to rupture
50
Q

Embryonic Connective Tissue: Mesenchyme

A
  • Irregularly shaped cells
  • in semifluid ground substance with reticular fibers
  • gives rise to all other types of connective tissue
51
Q

Embryonic Connective Tissue: Mucous Connective Tissue

A
  • Star shaped cells in jelly-like ground substance

- found only in umbilical cord

52
Q

Mature Connective Tissue

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • dense connective tissue
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
  • lymph
53
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • loosely woven fibers throughout tissues

- types: areolar, adipose, reticular

54
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar

A

Cell types: fibroblasts, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and a few WBC

  • all 3 of fibers present
  • gelatinous ground substance
55
Q

Adipose Tissue

A
  • peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage droplet
  • deeper layer of skin, organ padding, yellow marrow
  • reduces heat loss, energy storage, protection
  • brown fat found in infants has more blood vessels and mitochondria and responsible for heat generation
56
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A
  • network of fibers & cells that produce framework of organ
  • holds organ together (liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)
57
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A
  • more fibers present but fewer cells

- types: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

58
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A
  • collagen fibers in parallel bundles with fibroblasts between bundles of collagen fibers
  • white, tough and pliable when unstained (forms tendons)
  • also known as white fibrous connective tissue
59
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A
  • collagen fibers are irregularly arranged (interwoven)
  • tissue can resist tension from any direction
  • very tough tissue- white of eyeball, dermis of skin
60
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A
  • branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts
  • can stretch & still return to original shape
  • lung tissue, vocal cords, ligaments between vertebrae
61
Q

Cartilage

A
  • network of fibers in rubbery ground substance
  • resilient and can endure more stress than loose or dense connective tissue
    types: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
62
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • bluish-shiny white rubbery substance
  • chondrocytes sit in spaces called lacunae
  • no blood vessels or nerves so repair is very slow
  • reduces friction at joints as articular cartilage
63
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • many more collagen fibers cause rigidity & stiffness

- strongest type of cartilage (intervertebral discs)

64
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A
  • elastic fibers help maintain shape after deformations

- ear, nose, vocal cartilages

65
Q

Growth & Repair of Cartilage

A
  • Grows and repairs slowly because its avascular
  • interstitial growth- chondrocytes divide and form new matrix; occurs in childhood and adolescence
  • appositional growth- chondroblasts secrete matrix onto surface; produces increase in width
66
Q

Bone (osseous) Tissue

A

Spongy- sponge like with spaces and trabeculae (struts of bone surrounded by red bone marrow); no osteons (cellular organization)

Compact bone- solid, dense bone; basic unit of structure is osteon (haversian system)

*protects, provides movement, stores minerals, site of blood cell formation

67
Q

Osteon

A

lamellae (rings) of mineralized matrix

  • calcium & phosphate– gives it its hardness
  • interwoven collagen fibers provide strength
68
Q

osteocytes

A

in spaces (lacunae) in between lamellae

69
Q

Canaliculi

A

tiny canals that connect cell to cell

70
Q

connective tissue with a liquid matrix

A

plasma

71
Q

Cell types

A

RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), Platelets- provide clotting, immune functions, and carry O2 and CO2

72
Q

Lymph

A

Interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessels

  • contains less protein than plasma
  • move cells and substances (lipids) from one part of the body to another
73
Q

Membranes

A

epithelial layer sitting on a thin layer of connective tissue (lamina propria)
types: mucous, serous, synovial, cutaneous

74
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

lines a body cavity that open to the outside (mouth, vagina, anus, etc)

  • epithelial cells form a barrier to microbes
  • tight junctions between cells
  • mucous is secreted from underlying glands to keep surface moist
75
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Simple squamous cells overlying loose CT layer
- squamous cells secrete slippery fluid
- lines a body cavity that does not open to the outside such as chest or abdominal cavity
Examples: pleura, peritoneum and pericardium

  • membrane on walls of cavity- parietal
  • membrane over organs- visceral layer
76
Q

Synovial Membranes

A

line joint cavities of all freely moveable joints

- no epithelial cells- just special cells that secrete slippery fluid

77
Q

Muscle

A

cells that shorten; provide us with motion, posture and heat

types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

78
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

cells are long cylinders with many peripheral nuclei

  • visible light and dark banding (looks striated)
  • voluntary or conscious control
79
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Cells are branched cylinders with one central nuclei

  • involuntary and striated
  • attached to and communicate with each other by intercalated discs and desmosomes
80
Q

Smooth Muscles

A

Spindle shaped cells with single central nucei

  • walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, GI tract, bladder)
  • involuntary and striated
81
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

Cell types- nerve cells and neuroglial (supporting) cells
- nerve cell structure
- nucleus & long cell processes conduct nerve signals
dentrite- signal travels towards the cell body
axon- single travels away from cell body

82
Q

Tissue Engineering

A

new tissues grown in the laboratory (skin and cartilage)

-scaffolding of cartilage fibers is substrate for cell growth in culture

83
Q

Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis

A

Worn out, damaged tissue must be replaces

  • Fibrosis= replacement with stromal connective tissue cells (scar formation)
  • Regenerations= replacement with orginal cell types (parenchymal cells)
  • some cells can divide (liver & endothelium)
  • some tissues contain stem cells that can divide (bone marrow, epithelium of gut & skin)
  • some cell types can not divide & are not replaced (muscle and nervous tissue)
84
Q

Conditions affecting tissue repair

A

Nutrition- adequate protein for structural components; vitamin C production of collagen and new blood vessels

Proper blood circulation- delivers O2 and nutrients and removes fluids & bacteria

With aging- collagen fibers change in quality; elastin fibers fragment and abnormally bond to calcium; cell division and protein synthesis are slowed

85
Q

Sjogrens Syndrome

A

Autoimmune Disorder producting exocrine gland inflammation

  • dryness of mouth and eyes
  • 20% of older adults show some signs
86
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Autoimmune disorder (causes unknown)

  • chronic inflammation of connective tissue
  • nonwhite women during childbearing years
  • painful joints, ulcers, loss of hair, fever
  • life-threatening if inflammation occurs in major organs– liver, kidney, heart, brain, etc

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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