Tissues

Question 1

What type of epithelium is this?

Answer 1

Simple squamous

Question 2

What type of epithelium is this?

Answer 2

Simple Cuboidal

Question 3

What type of epithelium is this?

Answer 3

Simple Columnar

Question 4

What type of epithelium is this?

Answer 4

Pseudostratified Columnar

Question 5

What type of epithelium is this?

Answer 5

Stratified squamous

Question 6

What type of epithelium is this?

Answer 6

Stratified Cuboidal

Question 7

What type of epithelium is this?

Answer 7

Stratified Columnar

Question 8

What type of epithelium is this?

Answer 8

Transitional

Question 9

Describe what a glandular epithelium is

Answer 9

An epithelium composed of cells specialised to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids.

Usually found within a columnar or cuboidal epithelium.

Question 10

What are the main features and functions of a simple squamous epithelium? Give an example.

Answer 10

• Single layer of thin, flattened cells
• Broad, thin nuclei
• Substances pass through easily

e.g. line alveoli in lungs, form the walls of capillaries, line blood and lymph vessels, covers the membranes that line the body cavities

Question 11

What are the main features and functions of a simple cuboidal epithelium? Give an example.

Answer 11

• single layer of cube-shaped cells
• central, spherical nuclei

e.g. cover the ovaries, lines most of the kidney tubules, lines ducts of certain glands (where the free surface faces the lumen)

Question 12

What are the main features and functions of a simple columnar epithelium? Give an example.

Answer 12

• longer than they are wide
• single layer of cells
• elongated nuclei found near basement membrane
• can be ciliated or non-ciliated
• can protect underlying tissues due to thickness
• secrete digestive fluid and absorb nutrients
• if specialised for absorption the cells often have microvilli

e.g. fallopian tube (ciliated), lining of the uterus (non-ciliated), lining of digestive tract

Question 13

What are the main features and functions of a pseudostratified columnar epithelium? Give an example.

Answer 13

• nuclei lie at two or more levels in the row of aligned cells
• all cells reach basement membrane, not all reach free surface
• commonly have cilia
• contain goblet cells

e.g. line passages in respiratory system

Question 14

What are the main features and functions of a stratified squamous epithelium? Give an example.

Answer 14

• many layers
• relatively thick
• cells divide in lower layers and push older one farther outward, where they flatten
• In the epidermis the cells undergo keratinisation

e.g. epidermis, lines oral cavity, oesophagus, vagina, and anal canal

Question 15

What are the main features and functions of a stratified cuboidal epithelium? Give an example.

Answer 15

• two or three layers of cuboidal cells
• forms the lining of lumen

e.g. lines ducts in mammary glands, salivary glands, and pancreas. Forms lining of developing ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules.

Question 16

What are the main features and functions of a stratified columnar epithelium? Give an example.

Answer 16

• several layers
• superficial cells columnar, basal layers contain cuboidal cells

e.g. male urethra, ductus (vas) deferens, parts of pharynx

Question 17

What are the main features and functions of a transitional epithelium? Give an example.

Answer 17

• specialised to change in response to tension
• when contracted it contains several layers of cuboidal cells
• forms a barrier that helps prevent contents of urinary tract diffusing back into the internal environment

e.g. lines urinary bladder, ureter, and superior urethra

Question 18

What are the main features and functions of a glandular epithelium? Give an example.

Answer 18

• composed of cells specialised to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids
• cells found in columnar or cuboidal epithelium
• one or more of these cells constitute a gland

e.g. salivary, sweat, mammary, and sebaceous glands

Question 19

What is an exocrine gland? Give an example.

Answer 19

A gland that secretes its products into ducts that open onto surfaces.

e.g. sebaceous glands in the skin

Question 20

What is an endocrine gland? Give an example.

Answer 20

A gland that secretes its products into tissue fluid or blood.

e.g. pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, and hypothalamus

Question 21

What are the three classifications of exocrine glands? Describe briefly what each does.

Answer 21

• Merocrine: releases fluid by exocytosis
• Apocrine: lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion
• Holocrine: release entire cells that disintegrate to release cell secretions

Question 22

What are the subclassifications of merocrine glands? Where are they found?

Answer 22

• Serous fluid: watery, high concentration of enzymes, lubricates, visceral and parietal membranes in abdominopelvic cavity
• Mucous: thicker, rich in mucin and abundantly secreted by cells for protection in the inner linings of the digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems.

Question 23

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Answer 23

• binds structures
• provide support and protection
• serve as frameworks
• fill spaces
• store fat
• produce red blood cells
• protect against infections
• help repair tissue damage

Question 24

What is a fibroblast?

Answer 24

Large, star-shaped cells that are the most commone type of fixed cell in connective tissue. They produce fibers by secreting protein into the extracellular matrix of connective tissues.