Tissues

Question 1

Which type of connective tissue is most commonly found in the tendons and ligaments, providing strength and support?
A. Adipose tissue
B. Cartilage
C. Dense regular connective tissue
D. Areolar connective tissue

Answer 1

C. Dense regular connective tissue

Dense regular connective tissue is composed of tightly packed collagen fibres that are aligned in the same direction, providing great strength along that axis.
It is primarily found in tendons and ligaments, where tensile strength is required to resist pulling forces. This is different from other connective tissues like adipose or areolar, which are more flexible and less structured for force resistance.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the function of epithelial tissue?
A. Support and binding
B. Transmitting electrical impulses
C. Protecting the body surface
D. Coordinating body movements

Answer 2

C. Protecting the body surface

Epithelial tissue primarily serves to protect the body surfaces and line cavities. It forms a barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and water loss. Additionally, epithelial tissue is involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation. Connective tissue provides support, nervous tissue transmits electrical impulses, and muscle tissue is responsible for body movement.

Question 3

Which of the following is true about muscle tissue?
A. Skeletal muscle is involuntary and has striations
B. Smooth muscle has striations and is voluntary
C. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and has striations
D. Skeletal muscle lacks striations and is involuntary

Answer 3

C. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and has striations

Cardiac muscle is involuntary (controlled by the autonomic nervous system) and has striations, which are visible banding patterns. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and has striations, while smooth muscle is involuntary but lacks striations. Thus, cardiac muscle has the specific combination of involuntary control and striated appearance.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of connective tissue?
A. Cells are widely spaced with extracellular matrix between them
B. Cells are closely packed together with minimal extracellular matrix
C. Contains fibers such as collagen and elastin
D. Provides support, protection, and insulation

Answer 4

B. Cells are closely packed together with minimal extracellular matrix

Unlike epithelial tissue, connective tissue has cells that are widely spaced apart, with a significant amount of extracellular matrix that includes fibers (collagen, elastin) and ground substance. This matrix helps provide support, protection, and insulation. Epithelial tissue, on the other hand, has cells that are tightly packed with minimal extracellular matrix.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about cartilage is true?

A. Cartilage is avascular and receives nutrients via diffusion
B. Cartilage contains many blood vessels for nutrient transport
C. Cartilage is made up primarily of collagen fibers only
D. Cartilage is the hardest tissue in the body

Answer 5

A. Cartilage is avascular and receives nutrients via diffusion

Cartilage is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels, and therefore relies on diffusion from surrounding tissues for the delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products. It is composed primarily of collagen and elastin fibers, along with ground substance, but is not the hardest tissue—bone is considered the hardest tissue in the body.

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes the four main types of tissues in the human body?
A. Nervous tissue is responsible for movement, muscle tissue provides support, connective tissue protects the body, and epithelial tissue transmits electrical impulses.
B. Epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces, connective tissue provides support and structure, muscle tissue is responsible for movement, and nervous tissue transmits electrical signals.
C. Connective tissue transmits electrical impulses, muscle tissue covers and protects body surfaces, nervous tissue supports and structures the body, and epithelial tissue is responsible for movement.
D. Muscle tissue provides support, connective tissue covers body surfaces, nervous tissue is responsible for protection, and epithelial tissue transmits electrical signals.

Answer 6

B. Epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces, connective tissue provides support and structure, muscle tissue is responsible for movement, and nervous tissue transmits electrical signals.

The four main tissue types in the body each have distinct functions:

Epithelial tissue forms protective layers on the body surface and lines body cavities (e.g., skin, digestive tract lining).
Connective tissue supports and connects different structures in the body, providing structural support (e.g., bone, blood, tendons).
Muscle tissue is responsible for movement, including voluntary movement (skeletal muscle) and involuntary movement (smooth and cardiac muscle).
Nervous tissue transmits electrical impulses throughout the body, enabling communication between different body parts (e.g., brain, spinal cord, nerves).

Question 7

Which of the following is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
A. Transmitting electrical impulses
B. Supporting and binding other tissues
C. Protecting body surfaces and cavities
D. Providing movement for the body

Answer 7

C. Protecting body surfaces and cavities

Epithelial tissue’s primary role is to protect the body and its organs. It forms the outer layer of the skin and lines internal cavities like the lungs, digestive tract, and blood vessels. Epithelial tissue also plays key roles in secretion, absorption, and filtration, depending on the type.

Question 8

Which of the following is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
A. Secreting hormones
B. Protecting the body surface
C. Transmitting electrical impulses
D. Providing structural support

Answer 8

B. Protecting the body surface

Epithelial tissue’s main function is to protect the body surface and line internal cavities and organs. It acts as a barrier to pathogens, mechanical damage, and dehydration. While epithelial tissue is also involved in secretion (such as in glands), transmission of electrical impulses is the role of nervous tissue, and providing structural support is the role of connective tissue.

Question 9

Where is epithelial tissue typically located in the human body?
A. Inside the muscles
B. On the skin and lining internal organs
C. In the brain and spinal cord
D. In the bones and tendons

Answer 9

B. On the skin and lining internal organs

Epithelial tissue covers the external body surface (such as the skin) and lines internal organs and body cavities (such as the digestive tract, lungs, and blood vessels). It serves to protect, secrete, absorb, and filter substances. Connective tissue is found in bones and tendons, nervous tissue is in the brain and spinal cord, and muscle tissue is found in muscles.

Question 10

Which type of epithelial tissue is specialised for absorption and is commonly found in the small intestine?
A. Stratified squamous epithelium
B. Simple columnar epithelium
C. Simple squamous epithelium
D. Pseudostratified epithelium

Answer 10

B. Simple columnar epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium consists of a single layer of tall, column-shaped cells, making it well-suited for absorption and secretion. This type of epithelium is found in the digestive tract, including the small intestine, where it absorbs nutrients. Stratified squamous epithelium is protective and found in areas like the skin, simple squamous epithelium is for diffusion (such as in the lungs), and pseudostratified epithelium is involved in secretion and movement of mucus in the respiratory tract.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about epithelial tissue is true?
A. Epithelial tissue is vascular and contains blood vessels
B. Epithelial cells are tightly packed with little extracellular matrix
C. Epithelial tissue cannot regenerate
D. Epithelial tissue is involved in movement of the body

Answer 11

B. Epithelial cells are tightly packed with little extracellular matrix

Epithelial tissue is composed of tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix. This structure allows it to form protective barriers and linings for various body surfaces and cavities. Epithelial tissue is avascular, meaning it does not contain blood vessels; nutrients are supplied by diffusion from underlying tissues. Additionally, epithelial tissue is capable of regeneration, particularly in areas like the skin and digestive tract, and is not directly involved in movement (which is the function of muscle tissue).

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the cilia on certain epithelial cells?
A. Absorption of nutrients
B. Secretion of enzymes
C. Movement of mucus and debris
D. Protection from mechanical stress

Answer 12

C. Movement of mucus and debris

Cilia are hair-like structures on the surface of certain epithelial cells, particularly in the respiratory tract. Their main function is to move mucus and trapped debris out of the lungs and airways, helping to clear the respiratory system of pathogens and particles. Cilia are not involved in absorption, secretion, or direct protection from mechanical stress, which are functions of other structures or tissues.

Question 13

Which of the following are the three main types of epithelial tissue?
A. Simple, stratified, and transitional
B. Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
C. Endocrine, exocrine, and glandular
D. Ciliated, squamous, and columnar

Answer 13

B. Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Epithelial tissue is classified based on cell shape and the number of cell layers. The three main types based on cell shape are:

Squamous epithelium – Flat, thin cells (e.g., the lining of the alveoli in the lungs).
Cuboidal epithelium – Cube-shaped cells (e.g., lining of kidney tubules and some glands).
Columnar epithelium – Tall, column-shaped cells (e.g., lining of the digestive tract).

Question 14

Where would you most likely find simple squamous epithelium in the human body?
A. Lining of the respiratory tract
B. Lining of blood vessels and alveoli of the lungs
C. Skin surface
D. Lining of the digestive tract

Answer 14

B. Lining of blood vessels and alveoli of the lungs

Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flat cells, which is well-suited for processes like diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. It is found in areas where exchange needs to occur quickly, such as the alveoli of the lungs (for gas exchange) and the lining of blood vessels (endothelium) for efficient nutrient and gas exchange.

Question 15

Which of the following is the primary function of stratified squamous epithelium?
A. Absorption of nutrients
B. Protection against mechanical stress and infection
C. Secretion of enzymes
D. Filtration of fluids

Answer 15

B. Protection against mechanical stress and infection

Stratified squamous epithelium consists of multiple layers of flat cells, which provide robust protection. It is found in areas subject to significant mechanical stress or abrasion, such as the skin and oral cavity. This tissue serves as a protective barrier against physical damage and pathogens.

Question 16

What type of epithelial tissue is this?
A. Stratified squamous
B. Simple squamous
C. Simple columnar
D. Pseudostratified columnar

Answer 16

B. Simple squamous

Simple = one layer
Squamous = Flattened cells tightly packed together

Simple squamous is a type of tissue composed of a single layer of flat, scale-like cells, often described as “pavement” cells, which line body cavities and areas where rapid diffusion of molecules is needed, like the lining of blood vessels and the alveoli of the lungs; due to their thin nature, they facilitate the movement of substances across membranes.

Question 17

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium most commonly found in the body?
A. Lining of the kidneys and glands
B. Skin surface
C. Lining of the digestive tract
D. Lining of the respiratory tract

Answer 17

A. Lining of the kidneys and glands

Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells. It is found in areas involved in secretion and absorption, such as the kidney tubules and the ducts of glands (e.g., salivary glands). Its structure allows for efficient transport of substances across the cells.

Question 18

Which function is most associated with simple cuboidal epithelium?
A. Gas exchange
B. Absorption and secretion
C. Protection against abrasion
D. Transport of mucus

Answer 18

B. Absorption and secretion

Simple cuboidal epithelium is specialized for absorption and secretion. It is commonly found in organs like the kidneys, where it helps with filtration and absorption, and in glandular structures where it secretes various substances.

Question 19

What type of epithelial tissue pictured?
A. Simple columnar
B. Pseudostratified columnar
C. Stratified squamous
D. Simple cuboidal

Answer 19

D. Simple cuboidal

Simple = one layer
Cuboidal = cube shaped

Simple cuboidal is a type of epithelial tissue composed of a single layer of cube-shaped cells, where each cell has a large, centrally located nucleus, making it ideal for functions like secretion, absorption, and diffusion; commonly found lining structures like kidney tubules and the ducts of glands.

Question 20

Where is simple columnar epithelium typically found in the body?
A. Lining of the bladder
B. Lining of the stomach and intestines
C. Lining of the lungs
D. Skin surface

Answer 20

B. Lining of the stomach and intestines

Simple columnar epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall, rectangular cells, making it well-suited for functions such as absorption and secretion. It is found in areas like the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, where it plays a role in nutrient absorption and the secretion of mucus and digestive enzymes.

Question 21

The type of epithelial tissue is
A. Simple columnar
B. Simple squamous
C. Stratified squamous

Answer 21

A. Simple columnar

Simple = one layer
Columnar = shaped like columns

Simple columnar epithelium is a single layer of tall, column-shaped cells with oval nuclei typically located near the base of the cell, directly attached to a basement membrane; it is often found lining organs involved in absorption and secretion, like the stomach and intestines, and can sometimes have cilia on its apical surface depending on the location.

Question 22

Where is stratified squamous epithelium most commonly found in the body?
A. Lining of the small intestine
B. Skin surface and mucous membranes
C. Lining of the kidneys
D. Lining of blood vessels

Answer 22

B. Skin surface and mucous membranes

Stratified squamous epithelium consists of multiple layers of flat cells, which provide robust protection against physical stress and microbial invasion. This type of epithelium is found in areas subject to abrasion, such as the epidermis of the skin and mucous membranes (e.g., mouth, esophagus, and vagina). The layers offer a protective barrier, preventing injury and infection.

Question 23

What is the primary function of stratified squamous epithelium?
A. Gas exchange
B. Absorption of nutrients
C. Protection against mechanical stress and infection
D. Secretion of digestive enzymes

Answer 23

C. Protection against mechanical stress and infection

Stratified squamous epithelium is specifically designed for protection. Its multiple layers of flat cells provide a strong defense against mechanical stress, abrasion, and microbial invasion. This function is vital for areas that face frequent friction or exposure to harmful microorganisms, such as the skin, oral cavity, and esophagus.

Question 24

What type of epithelial tissue is pictured?
A. Simple squamous
B. Stratified cuboidal
C. Stratified squamous
D. Stratified columnar

Answer 24

C. Stratified squamous

Stratified = more than one layer
Squamous = flattened cells tightly packed together

Stratified squamous epithelium is a type of tissue composed of multiple layers of flattened cells, where the cells at the base are typically cuboidal or columnar and gradually flatten as they move towards the surface, forming a protective barrier in areas subject to abrasion, like the skin and lining of the mouth; it is characterised by its multiple cell layers with the outermost layer consisting of flattened, squamous cells.

Question 25

What is the key feature of transitional epithelium? A. It is able to stretch and return to its original shape. B. It is composed of a single layer of flat cells. C. It is designed for absorption of nutrients. D. It secretes mucus and digestive enzymes.

Answer 25

A. It is able to stretch and return to its original shape. ## Footnote Transitional epithelium is unique because of its ability to stretch and return to its original shape. This feature is essential in organs like the bladder, where the tissue needs to expand as the bladder fills with urine and contract back as the bladder empties. The cells of transitional epithelium are cuboidal or columnar when the organ is not stretched, and they become flattened when the organ is stretched.

Question 26

What is the primary function of simple epithelium? A. Protection against mechanical stress B. Absorption, secretion, and filtration C. Movement of mucus and particles D. Secretion of hormones

Answer 26

B. Absorption, secretion, and filtration ## Footnote Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells, which allows for efficient processes like absorption, secretion, and filtration. Its thin structure facilitates the exchange of gases (in the lungs), absorption of nutrients (in the intestines), and secretion of fluids (in glands). Simple epithelium is found in areas where these functions are essential. For example, simple squamous epithelium is involved in filtration (kidneys) and gas exchange (lungs), while simple columnar epithelium plays a role in absorption (intestines).

Question 27

What is the primary function of stratified epithelium? A. Absorption B. Secretion C. Protection from mechanical stress and infection D. Movement of particles

Answer 27

C. Protection from mechanical stress and infection ## Footnote Stratified epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells, providing a protective barrier against physical wear and tear, microbial invasion, and other environmental stressors. For example, stratified squamous epithelium is found in the skin and mucous membranes and functions to protect underlying tissues from abrasion, chemicals, and pathogens. The multiple layers help to create a tough surface for protection.

Question 28

Where is stratified squamous epithelium most commonly found in the body? A. Lining of the mouth and esophagus B. Lining of the respiratory tract C. Lining of the kidneys D. Lining of the digestive tract

Answer 28

A. Lining of the mouth and esophagus ## Footnote Stratified squamous epithelium is designed for protection and is found in areas subjected to mechanical stress and abrasion, such as the skin, mouth, esophagus, and vagina. It serves as a tough barrier against physical damage and microbial infection. The layers of cells provide added strength and protection in these high-friction areas.

Question 29

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium most commonly found in the body? A. Lining of the digestive tract B. Lining of the respiratory tract C. Lining of the urinary bladder D. Lining of the skin

Answer 29

B. Lining of the respiratory tract ## Footnote Pseudostratified columnar epithelium appears to have multiple layers due to the varying positions of its nuclei, but in reality, it consists of a single layer of cells. This type of epithelium is commonly found in the respiratory tract, particularly in the trachea and bronchi. The cilia on the surface of these cells help to move mucus and trapped particles out of the airways, playing a key role in clearing debris and preventing infections.

Question 30

What is the primary function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the respiratory tract? A. Absorption of nutrients B. Protection from pathogens C. Secretion of enzymes D. Movement of mucus and foreign particles

Answer 30

D. Movement of mucus and foreign particles ## Footnote Pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the respiratory tract contains cilia that help move mucus and foreign particles upward toward the throat. This is a crucial mechanism for clearing debris and pathogens from the respiratory passages, thereby protecting the lungs from infection. The epithelium also secretes mucus, which traps foreign particles and pathogens. This function is vital for maintaining respiratory health.

Question 31

What is the name of this epithelial tissue? A. Pseudostratified columnar B. Stratified squamous C. Pseudostratified cuboidal D. Simple columnar

Answer 31

A. Pseudostratified columnar ## Footnote Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue that appears to have multiple layers of cells due to the varying heights of its columnar cells and the different levels at which their nuclei are positioned, but in reality, all cells are attached to the basement membrane, making it a single layer of cells; it is often found lining the respiratory tract and can be ciliated to help move mucus.

Question 32

Which of the following glands is classified as an endocrine gland? A. Sweat glands B. Salivary glands C. Thyroid gland D. Mammary glands

Answer 32

C. Thyroid gland ## Footnote Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood. The thyroid gland does this. In contrast, exocrine glands like sweat and salivary glands secrete their products (like sweat and saliva) through ducts to an outside surface.

Question 33

What is the main function of exocrine glands? A. To secrete hormones into the bloodstream B. To secrete products through ducts to an external or internal surface C. To protect the body from infection D. To absorb nutrients

Answer 33

B. To secrete products through ducts to an external or internal surface ## Footnote Exocrine glands secrete substances (like sweat or saliva) through ducts to surfaces, either inside (like digestive enzymes) or outside the body (like sweat). Unlike endocrine glands, which release hormones into the blood, exocrine glands use ducts for secretion.

Question 34

What is the primary function of secretion in glandular epithelium, and why is it considered an active process? A. To absorb nutrients from the bloodstream, which is a passive process B. To remove waste products from the body, which requires no energy C. To produce and release substances like hormones, enzymes, and mucus, requiring energy D. To protect the body from infections, using passive mechanisms

Answer 34

C. To produce and release substances like hormones, enzymes, and mucus, requiring energy ## Footnote Secretion in glandular epithelium is the process of producing and releasing substances such as hormones, enzymes, and mucus. This is an active process because it requires the use of energy (often in the form of ATP) to move these substances out of the cells and into ducts or directly into the bloodstream. This active process is essential for proper hormonal regulation, digestion, and lubrication within the body.

Question 35

Which of the following types of connective tissue provides rigid support and protection for the body? A. Blood B. Bone C. Cartilage D. Adipose tissue

Answer 35

B. Bone ## Footnote Bone is a type of dense connective tissue that provides rigid support to the body, protecting vital organs (e.g., the brain, heart) and serving as a structure for movement. Unlike other connective tissues, such as adipose tissue or blood, bone is hard and dense, making it the primary tissue for protection and support.

Question 36

Which type of connective tissue primarily functions in energy storage and insulation? A. Cartilage B. Bone C. Adipose tissue D. Blood

Answer 36

C. Adipose tissue ## Footnote Adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue that stores fat. This fat serves as an energy reserve and provides insulation to help regulate body temperature. Unlike cartilage or bone, which provide structural support, adipose tissue is specialized for storage and protection.

Question 37

Which connective tissue is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body? A. Cartilage B. Blood C. Adipose tissue D. Dense connective tissue

Answer 37

B. Blood ## Footnote Blood is a fluid connective tissue that plays a vital role in transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. Blood circulates in the cardiovascular system, carrying essential substances to cells and tissues.

Question 38

Which of the following is a characteristic of dense regular connective tissue? A. It has a loose arrangement of fibers and provides cushioning. B. It is composed of collagen fibers arranged in parallel, providing tensile strength. C. It stores fat and insulates the body. D. It forms a soft, flexible cushion around organs.

Answer 38

B. It is composed of collagen fibers arranged in parallel, providing tensile strength. ## Footnote Dense regular connective tissue is characterized by its high concentration of collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles. This arrangement allows the tissue to resist tensile forces, such as those found in tendons and ligaments, which need to withstand stress and strain. Loose connective tissue (like adipose) provides cushioning and insulation, while dense connective tissue provides strength and support.

Question 39

Which of the following is a primary function of cartilage in the human body? A. To transport nutrients and gases B. To provide flexibility and support with some rigidity C. To store fat and insulate the body D. To create a barrier against pathogens

Answer 39

B. To provide flexibility and support with some rigidity ## Footnote Cartilage is a semi-rigid connective tissue that provides flexibility and support. It is more flexible than bone but provides support, such as in the joints, nose, and ears. Cartilage is important for shock absorption and joint flexibility, making it essential for movement.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue? A. Bone B. Blood C. Nervous tissue D. Adipose tissue

Answer 40

C. Nervous tissue ## Footnote The five main types of connective tissue are bone, blood, adipose tissue, cartilage, and dense connective tissue. Nervous tissue is not a type of connective tissue, as it is specialized for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body.

Question 41

Which type of connective tissue serves as a shock absorber and provides flexibility to the joints? A. Bone B. Cartilage C. Blood D. Adipose tissue

Answer 41

B. Cartilage ## Footnote Cartilage provides shock absorption and flexibility to the joints and other structures. It is a semi-rigid connective tissue that is found in areas like joints, ears, and the nose. It allows for smooth movement and reduces friction between bones.

Question 42

Which of the following types of connective tissue is primarily responsible for energy storage and insulation? A. Blood B. Adipose tissue C. Bone D. Cartilage

Answer 42

B. Adipose tissue ## Footnote Adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue that stores fat. It serves as an energy reserve, insulates the body, and provides cushioning to protect organs. Unlike bone, blood, and cartilage, adipose tissue is primarily involved in storing energy.

Question 43

Which of the following types of connective tissue has fibers arranged in parallel and is found in structures such as tendons and ligaments? A. Dense regular connective tissue B. Dense irregular connective tissue C. Reticular connective tissue D. Areolar connective tissue

Answer 43

A. Dense regular connective tissue ## Footnote Dense regular connective tissue has collagen fibers arranged in parallel that provide strength and resistance to tensile forces. This tissue is found in tendons and ligaments, which connect muscles to bones and bones to other bones, respectively.

Question 44

Which of the following is a function of blood as a type of connective tissue? A. To provide structural support and rigidity to the body B. To transport nutrients, gases, and waste products C. To store energy for future use D. To provide shock absorption in joints

Answer 44

B. To transport nutrients, gases, and waste products ## Footnote Blood is a fluid connective tissue that is primarily involved in transportation. It carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. Unlike bone or adipose tissue, blood does not provide structural support but plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis.

Question 45

Which of the following are characteristics of connective tissue? A. It has a large amount of extracellular matrix, consisting of fibers and ground substance. B. It lacks a blood supply and does not contain cells. C. It is composed mostly of tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix. D. It is highly specialised for the contraction of muscles.

Answer 45

A. It has a large amount of extracellular matrix, consisting of fibers and ground substance. ## Footnote One of the key characteristics of connective tissue is its extracellular matrix. This matrix consists of protein fibres (such as collagen and elastin) and a ground substance (which can be liquid, gel-like, or solid). The cells of connective tissue are spaced far apart, allowing for this matrix to provide structural support, elasticity, and strength.

Question 46

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of connective tissue? A. Cells are tightly packed with very little extracellular matrix. B. It is highly vascular, with most types having a good blood supply. C. It primarily consists of epithelial cells. D. It is specialised for contraction, like muscle tissue.

Answer 46

B. It is highly vascular, with most types having a good blood supply. ## Footnote Most types of connective tissue are vascular (contain blood vessels), which is a defining characteristic. For example, bone and blood have good blood supply, while cartilage is an exception and is avascular. The presence of a large amount of extracellular matrix distinguishes connective tissue from other tissue types like epithelial tissue, which is made up of tightly packed cells.

Question 47

Which of the following is a primary function of bone tissue? A. To transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body B. To store energy in the form of fat C. To provide structural support and protection for vital organs D. To conduct electrical signals in the body

Answer 47

C. To provide structural support and protection for vital organs ## Footnote Bone tissue is primarily responsible for providing structural support to the body and protecting vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. It also serves as a site for muscle attachment to allow movement and is involved in mineral storage (e.g., calcium). While bones store some fat in the yellow marrow, their main function is support and protection.

Question 48

Which of the following best describes the composition of bone tissue? A. It is composed mainly of collagen fibers and is flexible and lightweight. B. It contains a mineralized extracellular matrix, mainly composed of calcium salts and collagen. C. It is composed of fluid, allowing for rapid nutrient exchange. D. It consists mainly of adipocytes and provides energy storage.

Answer 48

B. It contains a mineralised extracellular matrix, mainly composed of calcium salts and collagen. Bone tissue has a mineralised extracellular matrix made primarily of calcium salts (which give bones their hardness) and collagen fibers (which provide flexibility). This unique combination allows bone to be both strong and lightweight, essential for supporting the body and protecting organs.

Question 49

Which of the following is the correct term for the mature bone cells embedded in the bone matrix? A. Chondrocytes B. Osteocytes C. Osteoblasts D. Adipocytes

Answer 49

B. Osteocytes ## Footnote Osteocytes are the mature bone cells embedded in the bone matrix. They maintain the bone tissue and communicate with other bone cells. Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for bone formation, while chondrocytes are cartilage cells, and adipocytes are fat cells found in adipose tissue.

Question 50

Which of the following is the characteristic that classifies blood as a type of connective tissue? A. It has a solid extracellular matrix. B. It is composed of a variety of cells within a fluid extracellular matrix. C. It contains tightly packed cells with minimal intercellular material. D. It provides structural support and protection for the body.

Answer 50

B. It is composed of a variety of cells within a fluid extracellular matrix. ## Footnote Blood is classified as a connective tissue because it contains a variety of cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix known as plasma. Unlike other connective tissues (such as bone or adipose), blood is liquid and does not have a solid matrix. This fluid nature allows it to transport nutrients, gases, and waste products.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood as a connective tissue? A. Transporting oxygen to tissues B. Providing mechanical support for the body C. Fighting infections through white blood cells D. Clotting to prevent excessive blood loss

Answer 51

B. Providing mechanical support for the body ## Footnote Blood serves several functions typical of connective tissues, such as transporting oxygen and nutrients, fighting infections through white blood cells, and clotting to prevent blood loss. However, blood does not provide mechanical support like bone or cartilage, which are also types of connective tissue. Instead, blood plays a functional role in transport, immunity, and homeostasis.

Question 52

What is the main component of blood's extracellular matrix? A. Collagen fibers B. Elastic fibers C. Plasma D. Ground substance

Answer 52

C. Plasma ## Footnote The extracellular matrix of blood is known as plasma, which is a fluid portion of blood that makes up about 55% of blood's volume. Plasma contains water, electrolytes, proteins, nutrients, and waste products. It allows the cells of blood (e.g., red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) to be suspended and transported throughout the circulatory system.

Question 53

Which of the following is a characteristic of hyaline cartilage? A. It is the most flexible type of cartilage and is found in the ear. B. It has a smooth, glassy appearance and is found in the joints, ribs, and respiratory tract. C. It is the toughest type of cartilage and is found in the intervertebral discs. D. It has a fibrous texture and is found in areas that undergo heavy stress.

Answer 53

B. It has a smooth, glassy appearance and is found in the joints, ribs, and respiratory tract. ## Footnote Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage and is characterized by a smooth, glassy appearance. It provides flexibility and support and is found in the articular surfaces of joints, costal cartilage (ribs), and parts of the respiratory tract (e.g., trachea). It is not as tough as fibrocartilage or as flexible as elastic cartilage.

Question 54

What is the name of this cartilage? A. Elastic cartilage B. Hyaline cartilage C. Fibrocartilage

Answer 54

B. Hyaline cartilage ## Footnote To differentiate: Hyaline Cartilage: Smooth, glassy, and flexible, but not very stretchy. Found in places like the nose, ribs, and ends of long bones. Elastic Cartilage: More flexible and stretchy due to the presence of elastic fibers. Found in the ear and the epiglottis. Look for the presence of visible, dark-staining elastic fibres within the matrix; if you see a dense network of these fibres, it's elastic cartilage, while if the matrix appears relatively clear and "glassy" with minimal visible fibres, it's hyaline cartilage

Question 55

Which type of cartilage is characterised by having numerous collagen fibres and is primarily found in areas that withstand heavy pressure and tension, such as the intervertebral discs? A. Hyaline cartilage B. Fibrocartilage C. Elastic cartilage D. Bone

Answer 55

B. Fibrocartilage ## Footnote Fibrocartilage is characterized by a high density of collagen fibers, which provide great strength and resistance to compression. It is found in areas that experience heavy pressure or tension, such as intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and the menisci of the knee.

Question 56

This cartilage is known as: A. Hyaline cartilage B. Elastic cartilage C. Fibrocartilage

Answer 56

C. Fibrocartilage ## Footnote Fibrocartilage is the tough, very strong tissue found predominantly in the intervertebral disks and at the insertions of ligaments and tendons; it is similar to other fibrous tissues but contains cartilage ground substance and chondrocytes.

Question 57

Which of the following is the main function of elastic cartilage? A. Providing structural support and absorbing shock B. Allowing for the ability to stretch and return to its original shape C. Withstanding high pressure and tension D. Serving as a smooth surface for joint movement

Answer 57

B. Allowing for the ability to stretch and return to its original shape ## Footnote Elastic cartilage contains a large amount of elastic fibers, making it highly flexible and able to return to its original shape after being deformed. It is found in structures that require flexibility and resilience, such as the external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis. Unlike hyaline cartilage, it is more elastic, and unlike fibrocartilage, it is not as tough.

Question 58

What is the name of the cartilage shown in the picture? A. Hyaline cartilage B. Elastic cartilage C. Fibrocartilage

Answer 58

B. Elastic cartilage ## Footnote Elastic cartilage is your most flexible cartilage. It supports parts of your body that need to bend and move to function. Elastic cartilage can bounce back to its original shape, even after a strong force. Look for the presence of visible, dark-staining elastic fibres within the matrix; if you see a dense network of these fibres, it's elastic cartilage, while if the matrix appears relatively clear and "glassy" with minimal visible fibres, it's hyaline cartilage

Question 59

Which type of loose connective tissue serves as a cushioning and energy storage tissue, and is found under the skin and around organs? A. Areolar tissue B. Adipose tissue C. Reticular tissue D. Dense regular connective tissue

Answer 59

B. Adipose tissue ## Footnote Adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue that stores fat and serves as an energy reserve and insulation. It also provides cushioning to protect organs. Unlike areolar tissue, which has a looser structure, adipose tissue contains large numbers of adipocytes (fat cells). It is commonly found under the skin and surrounding internal organs. Protects kidneys, hips, breasts, and belly

Question 60

Which of the following is the primary function of areolar tissue? A. To store energy and insulate the body B. To form a supportive framework for organs and tissues C. To cushion and protect organs from mechanical stress D. To provide a structural framework for the lymphoid organs

Answer 60

B. To form a supportive framework for organs and tissues ## Footnote Areolar Tissue is a type of loose connective tissue. Structure: It has a soft, gel-like matrix with scattered fibers (collagen and elastic fibers) and various cells like fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells. Function: It acts as a cushioning and support tissue, holding organs and blood vessels in place. It also allows for the movement of nutrients and waste between cells and blood vessels. Location: Found beneath the skin, around organs, and between muscles. Characteristics: It's flexible, loosely organised, and acts like a "filler" tissue, providing support and space for other tissues to grow and move. Identified by: Soft, pliable like 'cobwebs'

Question 61

Which type of loose connective tissue forms the soft internal skeleton that supports the cells of the lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes? A. Adipose tissue B. Areolar tissue C. Reticular tissue D. Dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 61

C. Reticular tissue ## Footnote Reticular tissue is a type of loose connective tissue that forms the soft internal skeleton (also called the stroma) of organs like the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. It is composed of reticular fibers that create a supportive framework for lymphoid cells. Reticular tissue helps support cells of the immune system and facilitates their function in filtering out pathogens.

Question 62

What type of loose connective tissue is pictured? A. Reticular B. Adipose C. Areolar

Answer 62

B. Adipose ## Footnote To identify adipose tissue, look for a tissue that appears as large, round cells filled with a single large lipid droplet, typically located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), or within bone marrow, and is visually recognisable by its "fatty" appearance under a microscope

Question 63

What is the loose connective tissue pictured? A. Reticular B. Areolar C. Adipose

Answer 63

A. Reticular ## Footnote Reticular tissue can be identified by these key features: Structure: It has a network of thin, branching reticular fibres (a type of collagen fibre) that form a soft, mesh-like framework. Cells: The tissue contains specialised cells called reticulocytes (a type of fibroblast) and often immune cells like macrophages and lymphocytes. Appearance: Under a microscope, reticular tissue appears as a loose, dark-staining mesh with cells sitting within the spaces of the fiber network.

Question 64

The name of this loose connective tissue is: A. Reticular B. Adipose C. Areolar

Answer 64

C. Areolar ## Footnote To identify areolar tissue, look for these characteristics: Structure: It has a loose, gel-like matrix with scattered fibres (collagen and elastic fibres) and a variety of cells, like fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells. Fibres: The fibres in areolar tissue are not densely packed, so they appear loosely organised, with collagen fibres being thick and straight, and elastic fibres being thinner and more wavy. Cells: The tissue has a mix of different cell types that appear scattered throughout the matrix. Fibroblasts (which secrete fibres), macrophages (which help with defence), and mast cells (which release histamine) are common. Appearance: Under a microscope, it looks like a loose, irregular network of fibers with plenty of open space in between.

Question 65

Which of the following is the primary function of dense regular connective tissue? A. To provide elasticity and support to the skin B. To allow for the stretching and recoil of organs C. To connect muscles to bones and bones to bones D. To provide a supportive framework for lymphoid organs

Answer 65

C. To connect muscles to bones and bones to bones ## Footnote Dense regular connective tissue is made up of parallel collagen fibers that provide tensile strength in a single direction, which is why it is ideal for tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone). This tissue can withstand pulling forces in one direction, which is crucial for the function of muscles and joints. It is not involved in the elasticity of organs or supporting lymphoid organs like reticular tissue.

Question 66

What is the main component of the extracellular matrix in dense connective tissue? A. Collagen fibers B. Reticular fibers C. Elastic fibers D. Ground substance

Answer 66

A. Collagen fibers ## Footnote The main component of the extracellular matrix in dense connective tissue is collagen fibres. These fibers provide great tensile strength and are packed tightly together to resist pulling forces. In dense regular connective tissue, such as tendons and ligaments, collagen fibers are parallel to each other, making them highly effective at resisting tension in one direction. While elastic fibres and ground substance are present in smaller amounts, collagen is the dominant structural protein in this tissue. Fibroblasts are cells that make fibres.

Question 67

Which of the following best describes the function of muscle tissue in the body? A. To provide structural support to organs and tissues B. To produce hormones and regulate body processes C. To contract and facilitate movement of the body and substances within the body D. To store energy for future use

Answer 67

C. To contract and facilitate movement of the body and substances within the body ## Footnote Muscle tissue is responsible for contraction, which allows for movement of the body (e.g., walking, lifting) and movement of substances within the body (e.g., food through the digestive tract, blood through blood vessels). Muscle tissue includes skeletal muscle (voluntary movement), cardiac muscle (heart contraction), and smooth muscle (involuntary movement in organs).

Question 68

Which of the following is a correct description of the three types of muscle tissue in the body? A. Skeletal muscle is involuntary and has no striations; cardiac muscle is voluntary and found in the heart; smooth muscle is striated and found in the intestines. B. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated; cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated, found in the heart; smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated, found in walls of hollow organs. C. Skeletal muscle is involuntary and striated; cardiac muscle is voluntary and non-striated; smooth muscle is non-striated and found in bones. D. Skeletal muscle is striated and found in the heart; cardiac muscle is voluntary and striated; smooth muscle is involuntary and striated.

Answer 68

Answer: B. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated; cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated, found in the heart; smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated, found in walls of hollow organs. ## Footnote Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, and it is responsible for body movements and posture. It is attached to bones. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated, and it is found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood. Smooth muscle is involuntary, non-striated, and found in the walls of hollow organs like the intestines, bladder, and blood vessels, where it helps move substances within the body.

Question 69

Which of the following is a characteristic of skeletal muscle? A. Involuntary control, non-striated fibers, found in walls of hollow organs B. Voluntary control, striated fibres, attached to bones C. Involuntary control, striated fibres, found in the heart D. Voluntary control, non-striated fibres, found in the intestines

Answer 69

B. Voluntary control, striated fibres, attached to bones ## Footnote Skeletal muscle is voluntary, striated, multinucleate (more than one nucleus), long cylindrical shape, and attached to bones, allowing for conscious movement of the body. It is responsible for actions like walking, lifting, and maintaining posture.

Question 70

Which of the following is the primary function of skeletal muscle? A. To pump blood throughout the body B. To assist with breathing and digestion C. To enable voluntary movements of the body D. To control the diameter of blood vessels

Answer 70

C. To enable voluntary movements of the body ## Footnote The primary function of skeletal muscle is to facilitate voluntary movements of the body. It allows the body to move, maintain posture, and produce heat through contraction.

Question 71

Which of the following is a characteristic of cardiac muscle? A. Voluntary, non-striated, found in the digestive tract B. Involuntary, striated, found in the heart C. Voluntary, striated, found in the skeletal muscles D. Involuntary, non-striated, found in the bladder

Answer 71

B. Involuntary, striated, found in the heart ## Footnote Cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, one nucleus per cell, short branching cells, and found only in the heart. It contracts to pump blood throughout the body and is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and specialised pacemaker cells.

Question 72

What is the primary function of cardiac muscle? A. To enable voluntary movement of limbs B. To contract and pump blood throughout the body C. To control the movement of food through the digestive tract D. To support body structure and posture

Answer 72

B. To contract and pump blood throughout the body ## Footnote The primary function of cardiac muscle is to contract and pump blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products. This process is essential for circulatory function.

Question 73

Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle? A. Voluntary control, striated, found in the heart B. Involuntary control, non-striated, found in the walls of hollow organs C. Voluntary control, non-striated, found in blood vessels D. Involuntary control, striated, found in skeletal muscles

Answer 73

B. Involuntary control, non-striated, found in the walls of hollow organs ## Footnote Smooth muscle is involuntary, non-striated, has one nucleus per cell, spindle-shaped cells, and is found in the walls of hollow organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. It helps with processes like digestion, regulating blood flow, and other involuntary actions.

Question 74

What is the primary function of smooth muscle? A. To control voluntary movement of the body B. To contract and pump blood throughout the body C. To move food through the digestive tract and regulate blood vessel diameter D. To enable conscious control of the skeletal system

Answer 74

C. To move food through the digestive tract and regulate blood vessel diameter ## Footnote The primary function of smooth muscle is to regulate involuntary movements within hollow organs. This includes moving food through the digestive tract (peristalsis) and controlling the diameter of blood vessels (vasoconstriction and vasodilation).

Question 75

Which of the following is the primary function of nervous tissue? A. To provide structural support and cushion organs B. To transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues C. To transmit electrical impulses for communication between different parts of the body D. To store energy in the form of fat

Answer 75

C. To transmit electrical impulses for communication between different parts of the body ## Footnote The primary function of nervous tissue is to transmit electrical impulses, allowing for communication between the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body. This facilitates sensory input, motor output, and coordination of body functions.

Question 76

Which of the following cells is responsible for supporting and protecting neurons in the nervous tissue? A. Erythrocytes B. Astrocytes C. Osteocytes D. Myocytes

Answer 76

B. Astrocytes ## Footnotes Astrocytes are a type of glial cell that support and protect neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). They provide nutrients, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and assist in repairing tissue. Unlike neurons, astrocytes do not transmit electrical impulses but are crucial for overall neuron function.

Question 77

Which of the following are the two main types of nervous tissue in the body? A. Neurons and glial cells B. Epithelial cells and connective tissue C. Muscle fibers and blood cells D. Cartilage and bone

Answer 77

A. Neurons and glial cells ## Footnote The two main types of nervous tissue are neurons and glial cells. Neurons are responsible for transmitting electrical impulses that carry information throughout the body, while glial cells support, protect, and nourish neurons. Examples of glial cells include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.

Question 78

Where is nervous tissue primarily found in the body? A. In the skin and muscles B. In the heart and blood vessels C. In the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves D. In the lungs and digestive tract

Answer 78

C. In the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves ## Footnote Nervous tissue is primarily found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the rest of the body. Nervous tissue is responsible for transmitting electrical signals for communication and control throughout the body.