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HISTOLOGY PRELIMS > TISSUES > Flashcards

TISSUES Flashcards

1
Q

Four Basic Tissue Types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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2
Q

cells producing very abundant ECM

A

Connective

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3
Q

composed of elongated cells specialized for contraction and movement

A

Muscular

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4
Q

cells with long, fine processes specialized to receive, generate, and transmit nerve impulses

A

Nervous

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5
Q

cells responsible for the organ’s specialized functions

A

PARENCHYMA

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6
Q

cells of which have a supporting role in the organ, always made up of connective tissue (except in brain and spinal cord)

A

STROMA

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7
Q

line all external and internal surfaces of the body.

All substances that enter or leave an organ must cross this type of tissue.

composed of closely aggregated polyhedral cells adhering strongly to one another and to a thin layer of ECM

forms cellular sheets that line the cavities of organs and coyer the body surface

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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8
Q

PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL

A

Covering, lining, and protecting surfaces (eg, epidermis)

Absorption (eg, the intestinal lining)

Secretion (eg, parenchymal cells of glands)

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9
Q

generally have elongated nuclei,

A

Columnar cells

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10
Q

have flattened nuclei,

A

Squamous cells

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11
Q

have more spherical nuclei

A

cuboidal or pyramidal cells

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12
Q

The basal surface of all epithelia rests on a thin extracellular, felt-like sheet of macromolecules referred to as the ___

a semipermeable filter for substances reaching epithelial cells from below.

A

BASEMENT MEMBRANES

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13
Q

Nearest the epithelial cells
Thin, electron-dense, sheet-like layer of fine fibrils

A

BASAL LAMINA

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14
Q

Beneath the basal lamina
More diffuse and fibrous

A

RETICULAR LAMINA

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15
Q

self-assemble into a two- dimensional network of evenly spaced subunits resembling the mesh of a window screen,

A

Type IV collagen

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16
Q

: These are large glycoproteins that attach to transmembrane integrin proteins in the basal cell membrane and project through the mesh ,formed by the type IV collagen

A

Laminin

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17
Q

a short, rod-like protein and a proteoglycan, both of these cross-link laminins to the type IV collagen network, helping to provide the basal lamina’s three-dimensional structure. to bind the epithelium to that structure, and to determine its porosity and the size of molecules able to filter through it.

A

Nidogen and perlecan

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18
Q

contains type III collagen and is bound to the basal lamina by anchoring fibrils of type Vil collagen, both of which are produced by cells of the connective tissue

A

RETICULAR LAMINA

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19
Q

SPECIALIZATIONS OF THE APICAL CELL SURFACE

A

MICROVILLI
STEREOCILIA
CILIA

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20
Q

In epithelia specialized for absorption. L. villus, tuft), usually of uniform length.

  • In cells such as those lining the small intestine, densely packed __ are visible as a brush or striated border projecting into the lumen.
A

microvilli

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21
Q
  • Much less common type of apical process, best seen on the absorptive epithelial cells lining the male reproductive system.
  • Increases the cells’ surface area, facilitating absorption.
  • __ are typically much longer and less motile than microvilli, and may show branching distally.
A

Stereocilia

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22
Q

are long, highly motile apical structures, larger than microvilli and containing internal arrays of microtubules.

exhibit rapid beating patterns that move a current of fluid and suspended matter in one direction along the epithelium.

A

Cilia

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23
Q

most (if not all) other cell types have at least one short projection called a___, which is not motile but is enriched with receptors and signal transduction complexes for detection of light, odors, motion, and flow of liquid past the cell

A

primary cilium

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24
Q

TYPES OF EPITHELIA

A

Covering (or lining) epithelia

Secretory (glandular) epithelia

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25
Q

Organized into one or more layers that cover the surface or line the cavities of an organ

  • Classified according to the number of cell layers and the cell morphology in the outer layer.
A

COVERING (LINING) EPITHELIA

26
Q

contain one cell layer

A

Simple epithelia

27
Q

contain two or more layers.

A

stratified epithelia

28
Q

Based on cell shape, simple epithelia are further classified as

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

29
Q

thin cells

A

squamous

30
Q

(cell width and thickness roughly similar),

A

cuboidal

31
Q

(cells taller than they are wide).

A

columnar

32
Q

The very thin surface cells of ___ can be “keratinized” (packed with keratin filaments) or “nonkeratinized” (with relatively sparse keratin).

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

33
Q

Lining of vessels (endothelium); serous lining of cavities: pericardium,pleura, peritoneum, (mesothelium)

A

simple squamous

34
Q

Facilitates the movement of the viscera (mesothelium), active transport by pinocytosis (mesothelium & endothelium), secretion of biological active molecules (mesothelium)

A

simple squamous

35
Q

Covering the ovary, thyroid

A

simple cuboidal

36
Q

covering, secretion

A

simple cuboidal

37
Q

Lining of intestine, gallbladder

A

simple columnar

38
Q

Protection, lubrication, absorption, secretion

A

simple columnar

39
Q

Epidermis
FUNCTION: Protection; prevents water loss

A

Stratified Squamous Keratinized

40
Q

Mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, and canal

FUNCTION: Protection, secretion; prevents water loss

A

Stratified Squamous nonkeratinized

41
Q

Sweat glands, developing ovarian follicles
FUNCTION: Protection, secretion

A

Stratified cuboidal

42
Q

Ladder, ureters, renal calyces
FUNCTION: Protection, distensibility

A

Stratified TRansitional

43
Q

Conjunctiva
FUNCTION: protection

A

Stratified Columnar

44
Q

Lining of trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity
FUNCTION: Protection, secretion, cilia-mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus out of the air passages

A

Pseudostratified

45
Q

(layers of cells with nuclei at different levels; not all cells reach surface but all adhere to basal lamina)

A

Pseudostratified

46
Q

*is found mainly in the epidermis of skin, where it helps prevent dehydration from the tissue).
* Its cells form many layers, with the less differentiated cuboidal cells near the basement membrane.
* These cells become more irregular in shape and then flatten as they accumulate keratin in the process of keratinization and, are moved progressively toward the skin surface, where they become thin, metabolically inactive packets (squames) of keratin lacking nuclei.

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM

47
Q

lines moist internal cavities (eg, mouth, esophagus, and vagina) where water loss is not a problem.
Here the flattened cells of the surface layer retain their nuclei and most metabolic functions.

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

48
Q

occurs in the excretory ducts of salivary and sweat glands.

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

49
Q

is seen in the conjunctiva lining the eyelids, where it is both protective and mucus secreting

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

50
Q

lines much of the urinary tract, extending from the kidneys to the proximal part of the urethra, and is characterized by a superficial layer of large, dome-like cells sometimes called umbrella cells.

A

Urothelium

51
Q

Tall, irregular cells all are attached to the basement membrane.
. Their nuclei are at different levels and not all cells extend to the free surface, giving a stratified appearance.
* Example: lining of the upper respiratory tract

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

52
Q

function mainly to produce and secrete various macromolecules may occur in epithelia with other major functions or comprise specialized organs called glands.

  • may synthesize, store, and release proteins (eg, in the pancreas), lipids (eg, adrenal, sebaceous glands), or complexes of carbohydrates and proteins (eg, salivary glands).
A

SECRETORY EPITHELIA & GLANDS

53
Q

abundant in the lining of the small intestine and respiratory tract, which secretes lubricating mucus that aids the function of these organs

A

Goblet cell

54
Q

remain connected with the surface epithelium, the connection forming the tubular ducts lined with epithelium that deliver the secreted material where it is used.

A

Exocrine glands

55
Q

lack ducts. Thin-walled blood vessels (capillaries) adjacent to endocrine cells absorb their secreted hormone products for transport in blood to target cells throughout the body

A

Endocrine glands

56
Q

Glands can be:

A

Simple
Compound

57
Q

Secretory portions can be ___, ___

A

Secretory portions can be tubular (either short or long and coiled) or acinar (rounded and saclike):

58
Q

TYPES OF SECRETION

A

Merocrine
Holocrine
Apocrine

59
Q

This is the most common method of protein or glycoprotein secretion and involves typical exocytosis from membrane-bound vesicles or secretory granules.

A

Merocrine secretion

60
Q

Here cells accumulate product continuously as they enlarge and underga terminal differentiation, culminating in complete cell disruption that releases the product and cell debris into the gland’s lumen.

This is best seen in the sebaceous glands producing lipidrich material in skin.

A

Holocrine secretion

61
Q

Here product accumulates at the cells apical ends, portions of which are then extruded to release the product together with small amounts of cytoplasm and cell membrane, Lipid droplets are secreted in the mammary gland in this manner

A

Apocrine secretion:

62
Q

are key sites for ion and water transport, maintaining the body’s overall balance of salts and water.

A

Epithelia of kidney tubules

HISTOLOGY PRELIMS (4 decks)

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