Tissues

Question 1

Epithelial classifications

Answer 1

Simple (one layer)
Stratified (layered)

• squamous
• cuboidal
• columnar

Question 2

Explain epithelial cells

Answer 2

• have polarity
• apical surface
• basal surface, flat sheet of cells attached to base of membrane
• cells joined by junctions
• some have microvilli or cilia

Question 3

Functions of squamous epithelium

Answer 3

• simple, linings of blood vessels/alveoli
  = reduce friction, absorption and secretion

Stratified
- protection from abrasion, pathogens, chemical attack

Question 4

Functions and examples of cuboidal epithelia

Answer 4

Simple
- glands and ducts w.g kidney tubule
- limited protection, secretion, absorption

Stratified cuboidal
- line some ducts eg sweat glands
- protect secrete absorption

Question 5

Functions and examples transitions epithelium

Answer 5

Urinary bladder, expansion and recoil

Question 6

Columnar epithelia

Answer 6

Simple
- lining of stomach and intestines
- protect secrete absorption, have microvilli

Pseudostratified
- lining nasal cavity, bronchi, trachea
- protect, secrete and move mucus with cilia

Stratified
- small areas of pharynx
- protection

Question 7

Exocrine gland classification

Answer 7

Shape
- tubular
- coiled
- branched
- alveolar

Number of ducts
- simple or compound

Question 8

Types of exocrine secretion

Answer 8

Transport substances, transported extra cellular 3 ways

1. Merocrine - substances stored then parts of membrane called vesicles bubble off
2. apocrine- substances to be secreted accumulate in apocrine surface, this breaks and sheds
3. Holocrine- in stratified epithelium cells burst and release content, whole cell bursts

Question 9

Structure and function of connective tissues

Answer 9

Contain cells, fibre and ground substance

Cells
- fibroblasts, adipocytes

Fibres
- elastic, thin and stretchy where tissue needs to change shape
- reticular, smaller 3d branching structures
- collagen, tough and strong

Ground substance
- fluid, blood or lymph
- gel, cartilage
- mineral, bone

Question 10

Loose connective tissue

Answer 10

Adipose
- fat tissue deep to skin
= padding and shock absorption, reduce heat loss and stored energy

Reticular
- liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
=supporting network

Question 11

Dense connective

Answer 11

Dense regular
- between skeletal muscles and tendons, between bones, internal organs, ligaments
= firm attachment, pull of muscle, position of bone

Dense irregular
- capsules of coastal organs, nerve and muscle sheaths, dermis
= strength to resist forces and prevent over expansion
Elastic
- between vertebrae
- vessel walls
= stabilise and cushion shock, contraction and expansion

Question 12

Types of cartilage and examples

Answer 12

Hyaline - between tops of ribs and sternum, cover surface at synovial joints, jelly like matrix

Elastic
- ear, high proportion of elastic fibres

Fibrocartilage
- pad knew joint and vertebral disks
- more collagen = stronger
- where need to redid compression and reduce movement

Question 13

Types of muscle tissue

Answer 13

Voluntary
-striated
-multinucleated
- large up to 60cm
- controlled via motor neurons

Involuntary
-cardiac muscle
- striated, smaller
-cont by electrical pacemaker cells

Smooth
- not striated
-small
- pacesetter, hormonal control