Tissues Flashcards
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve
Describe the structure, function and location of simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, and simple columnar epithelium.
Simple squamous: diffusion/transport is easier within a single row of flat cells in lungs/capillaries.
Simple cuboidal: absorbs/secretes (mucus production) from a single layer of square/round cells in small ducts like follicles in thyroid glands, surface of ovary and kidney tubules.
Simple columnar: absorbs nutrients and secretes mucus. It is easier with a single layer of tall cells with microvilli in digestive tract to take nutrients from food.
Describe the structure, function, and location of stratified squamous epithelium and stratified cuboidal epithelium.
Stratified squamous: Barrier to the inside and the cells are stacked, flattened and joined tightly together to prevent the penetration of pathogens.
Stratified cuboidal: Two or more cell layers of square/round cells that secrete sweat and hormones from glands or ovarian follicles
Describe the structure, function, and location of pseudostratified epithelium.
Produces/propels mucus in respiratory tract and goblet cells produce antibacterial mucus to prevent bacteria from entering, cilia aids the flow of mucus.
Appears as stratified but each cell touches basement membrane. The cells are rectangular and tall.
Describe the structure, function, and location of transitional epithelium.
Multilayered epithelium that change from round to stretched within the urinary tract. Contributes to bladders distensibility and allows it to expand.
What are the properties of epithelium tissue?
Cells are close together and have a high rate of mitosis. Cells covers body surfaces and lines body cavity.
Avascular - no blood vessels
Basement membrane - layer of tissue between epithelium and underlying connective tissue.
List 10 types of connective tisssue.
Loose: Areolar, Reticular, Adipose. Dense: Regular, Irregular, Elastic. Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage. Bone Blood
What are the components of the matrix in connective tissue?
Composed of ground substance and fibers
Ground Substance:
Glycosaminoglycans (gags): long polysaccharide that regulate water and electrolytes.
Proteoglycans: protein with gags that help hold tissue together.
Adhesive Glycoproteins: binds tissue with glyco-protein complex.
Fibers:
Collagenous FIbers: collagen is tough, flexible, stretch resistant.
Reticular Fibers: thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein.
Elastic Fibers: made of elastin, stretch and recoil.
What types of cells are in connective tissue?
Fibroblast: young cell produces fibers and ground substance
Macrophages: activates immune system
Leukocytes (WBC): neutrohils attack bacteria, lymphocytes react to bacteria
Plasma cells: synthesize antibodies in blood.
Mast cells: found alongside blood vessels and secrete histamine and heparin
Adipocytes: store tryglycerides, fat molecules
What are the properties of excitable tissue?
They change their membrane potential, an electrical charge difference/voltage, which allows them to respond to stimuli. This is excitability.
Nerve cells: rapid transmission of signals
Muscle cells: contraction/shortening of the cell
What cells compose nervous tissue?
Neurons: detect stimuli, respond quickly, quickly transmit coded information
Neuroglia (glial): protect and assist neurons
List 3 muscular tissue types and describe their differences.
Skeletal muscle: long thin cells with lots of nuclei and multiple striations. Voluntary control. Muslce fibers.
Cardiac muscle: striated and cardiomyocytes are shorter than skeletal muscles and bracheed. One central nucleus and involuntary control.
Smooth muscle: Short cells, no striations, one nucleus, involuntary control, visceral muscle of hollow organs.
They all exert physical force and respond to stimuli.
Describe the junctions that hold cells and tissues together.
Gap junctions: ring like connection that allows nutrients/ions to pass from cell to cell
Desmosomes: patch that holds cells together and prevents seperation; most common in epidermis, cardiac muscle, epithelia
Tight junction: linkage between 2 cells by transmembrane adhesion proteins. Seals space between cells so digestive enzymes can’t pass through.
Describe or define different types of glands and typical anatomy.
Glands typically are made up of epithelial tisue in a connective tissue framework and capsule.
Exocrine: external or internal gland that has a duct so substance can exit the cell (sweat, tears, salivary)
Endocrine: No ducts so they secrete hormones directly into blood like thyroid, pituitary, or adrenal glands.
Unicellular: either endocrine or exocrine that is found in nonsecretory epithelium.
Describe the types and composition of the body’s membranes.
Cutaneous (skin): Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous and is the largest membrane that acts as a barrier
Mucous (mucosa): Mucus coat, epithelium, lamina propria (connective tissue) that cover passages that open to external environments like digestive tract.
Serous (serosa): serous fluid, simple squamous, areolar connective, smooth muscle. Internal membrane.
How does a tissue change from one type to another?
Differentation: stem cells to specialized cells
Metaplasia: one type of mature tissue to another.
