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tissues Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a tissue

A

grp of similar cells performing a specific function

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2
Q

what are the two types of plant tissues

A

meristematic tissues and permanent tissues

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3
Q

what are meristematic tissues

A

cells which multiple to produce new cells

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4
Q

what are permanent tissue

A

non dividing and specialized cells

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5
Q

where is the meristem present

A

tips of roots, stems and branches. between bark and wood of trees

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6
Q

list 8 chief characteristics of meristematic tissues

A 
cells are small
cells are usually cubical
cell wall is thin
nuclei are large
vacuoles almost absent
cells tightly packed with almost no intercellular space
cells actively divide
new cells are transformed into permanent tissue
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7
Q

what are the two types of meristematic tissue

A

apical meristem, lateral meristen

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8
Q

give another name for terminal meristem

A

apical meristem

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9
Q

give another name for cambium meristen

A

lateral meristem

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10
Q

what are the types of permanent tissue based on function

A

protective, supporting and conducting

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11
Q

where is protective tissue found

A

surface of roots, stems and leaves

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12
Q

what type of walls do protective tissues have

A

thick walls

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13
Q

give an example of protective tissue

A

epidermis of leaves which secretes a waxy water proof material

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14
Q

what are the tree types of supporting tissue

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

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15
Q

describe the structure of parenchyma

A

large, thin walled cells. oval circular or polygonal in shape.

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16
Q

how many vacuoles are present in parenchyma and how big is it

A

single large vacuole

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17
Q

where is parenchyma found

A

soft parts of plants such as cortex and in the pith

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18
Q

what is the function of parenchyma

A

may store food

provides temp. support to plant

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19
Q

what is chlorenchyma

A

parenchymatous cells containing chloroplast

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20
Q

what is the function of chlorenchyma

A

helps the leaf to produce food by photosynthesis

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21
Q

structurally describe collenchyma

A

cells which are elongated and have cell walls thickened at corners

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22
Q

where is collenchyma found

A

leaf stalks, below epidermis of stem

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23
Q

what is the function of collenchyma

A

helps support parts of plant

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24
Q

what is sclerenchyma composed of

A

long narrow dead cells

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25
Q

why are sclerenchyma cell walls thick

A

due to deposition of lignin

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26
Q

where is sclerenchyma found

A

stems and veins of leaves.

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27
Q

what are the three simple tissues and why are they called so

A

sclerenchyma, collenchyma, parenchyma because they are made of one type of cell only

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28
Q

which cells r in fibres and stones

A

sclerenchyma

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29
Q

what is the function of conducting tissue

A

provides passage for water and dissolved materials to move up and down in the plant.

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30
Q

what is conducting tissues known as

A

vascular tissue

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31
Q

what are the two types of conducting tissue

A

xylem and phloem

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32
Q

describe the structure of xylem

A

cells are elongated and thick walled

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33
Q

what is the function of xylem

A

provides for upward movement of water and dissolved materials absorbed from soil by the roots to other parts of the plant.

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34
Q

What is the function of older xylem

A

tissue forms the wood

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35
Q

how can you determine the age of xylem

A

by counting its annual rings which are the xylem rings

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36
Q

what does xylem tissue consist of

A

tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibres

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37
Q

what are tracheids and vessels collectively called

A

tracheary elements

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38
Q

what are tracheids made of

A

elongated dead cells with empty large cavities

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39
Q

how are the cells placed in tracheids

A

cells are placed end to end forming a long tube

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40
Q

describe the cell walls of tracheids

A

highly lignified cell walls

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41
Q

how do tracheids provide mechanical support

A

by developing various thickenings in walls

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42
Q

what are xylem vessels

A

long tube like structures made to transport water and dissolved materials

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43
Q

what are xylem vessels made of

A

elongated cells placed end to end

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44
Q

describe trachae cell walls

A

hard, thick and lignified cell walls

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45
Q

what happens to xylem vessel transverse walls

A

they get dissolved and make a continuous water pipe

46
Q

what does xylem parenchyma consist of

A

living parenchyma cells associated with xylem

47
Q

what is the function of parenchyma cells

A

storage of food and help in conduction of water and minerals

48
Q

what are xylem fibres made up of

A

dead sclerenchyma cells

49
Q

describe xylem fibre structure

A

thick walled, long, narrow cells with tapering ends.

50
Q

what is the main function of xylem fibres

A

provide mechanical support to plant

51
Q

what is the function of phloem cells

A

provide passage for downward movement of food manufactured in leaves to various parts of the plant & upward movement of prepared food to growing leaves

52
Q

what does the phloem tissue consist of

A

sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres

53
Q

what are sieve tubes made up of

A

elongated cells placed end to end to form a long tube

54
Q

what are sieve platea

A

transverse walls with perforations

55
Q

what is the function of sieve tubes

A

help transport food from leaves to storage organs and other parts of plant

56
Q

what are companion cells

A

living parenchyma cells closely associated with sieve tube cells

57
Q

what is the function of companion cells

A

help in functioning of sieve tube cells

58
Q

what are phloem fibres

A

sclerenchymatous cells associated with phloem

59
Q

main function of phloem fibres

A

provide support

60
Q

what do xylem and phloem collectively form

A

vascular bundles

61
Q

give example of vascular bundles

A

leaves

62
Q

name the 2 complex tissues and why are they named as the same

A

xylem and phloem because they are made of more than one type of cell working together

63
Q

what are the 4 main kinds of animal tissues

A

epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous

64
Q

what is the epithelial tissue

A

thin, protective, continuous sheet of cells

65
Q

where is the epithelial tissue located

A

outermost layer of skin and the lining surfaces of mouth, nose, lung, stomach etc.

66
Q

shape of epithelial tissue

A

can be flat, cuboidal or columnar, cells tightly fit

67
Q

function of epithelial tissue

A

protection (skin), absorption and secretion (intestine), sensory perception

68
Q

what are the 4 types of epithelial tissue

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, stratified

69
Q

what is squamous epithelium composed of

A

flat, thin cells with prominent nuclei closely packed

70
Q

where is squamous epithelial found

A

Lines mouth and nasal cavities, blood and lymph vessels

71
Q

function of squamous epithelium

A

protects parts from mechanical injury, germs and harmful chemicals

72
Q

where is cuboidal epithelium found

A

some parts of kidney tubules and some ducts like salivary glands and pancreatic duct

73
Q

what does columnar epithelium contain

A

vertically arranged cylindrical or brick-like cells.

74
Q

where is columnar epithelium generally found

A

inner lining of stomach and intestines

75
Q

what is cilia

A

thread-like protoplasmic projections

76
Q

which tissue is located in the lining of the trachea

A

ciliated columnar epithelium

77
Q

what are the 2 other types of columnar epithelium

A

ciliated and glandular

78
Q

what does glandular epithelium contain

A

large cells which secrete chemical substances

79
Q

where is glandular epithelium common

A

lining of stomach and intestine

80
Q

what is stratified columnar tissue composed of

A

layers of same or different epithelial cells.

81
Q

where is stratified epithelial found

A

skin and cornea

82
Q

what is the function of connective tissue

A

binds one tissue with another and connects various organs

83
Q

name 3 characteristics of connective tissue

A

abundance of intercellular substance- the matrix
fewer cellular elements
fibres

84
Q

what are the three types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper
supportive connective tissue
fluid connective tissue

85
Q

what are the three sub categories of connective tissue proper

A

areolar tissue
adipose tissue
fibrous connective tissue

86
Q

where is the areolar tissue

A

beneath epidermis of the skin

87
Q

what is the areolar tissue also known as

A

packing tissue

88
Q

what is the function of areolar tissue

A

makes skin more elastic

89
Q

what is the adipose tissues function and how does it do that

A

specialized tissues store fat, padding under skin retains body heat

90
Q

what are the two types of supportive connective tissue

A

bone, cartilage

91
Q

describe the structure of cartilage

A

non-porous tissue, thickened matrix, has no blood vessels or nerves. semi transparent and elastic

92
Q

where is cartilage found

A

tip of nose, external ears, trachea and bronchial tubes, between vertebrae and at the ends of long bones

93
Q

describe the structure of bone

A

hard porous tissue, has good supply of blood vessels and nerves,

94
Q

what does bone consist of

A

living cells and inorganic salts

95
Q

what is blood composed of

A

the liquid- plasma

the cellular part- rbc, wbc, platelets

96
Q

what is lymph

A

fluid surrounding body cells, blood plasma that has oozed out of blood vessels

97
Q

what are the two types of fluid connective tissue

A

blood and lymph

98
Q

what is the function of muscle tissue

A

help the body in movements

99
Q

what are the kinds of muscle tissue

A

striated, unstriated, heart or cardiac muscles

100
Q

what are striated muscles made of

A

long nucleated, striated fibres,

101
Q

list 3 characteristics of striated muscle

A

light and dark bands run across fibre
constitutes 50% of body weight
moves when you want it to

102
Q

where are striated muscles found

A

arms, legs, face, neck etc.

103
Q

are unstriated muscles under our control

A

no

104
Q

what is unstriated muscle made of

A

spindle-shaped uninucleated cells.

105
Q

where are unstriated muscles found

A

walls of intestine, muscles of iris, skin, lining of blood vessels

106
Q

are cardiac muscled voluntary

A

no

107
Q

describe the fibres of cardiac muscles

A

striated, uninucleated and branched, short. Can contract without outside stimulation

108
Q

do cardiac muscles get tired fast

A

no

109
Q

which tissue constitutes nervous system

A

neural tissue

110
Q

what form nerve fibres

A

axons of the neuron

biology (4 decks)

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