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Pathology I Test I > Tissue Repair > Flashcards

Tissue Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic inflammation heals how?

A

Fibrosis.

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2
Q

How is Regeneration of stable tissue achieved?

A

Compensatory growth.

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3
Q

How is Regeneration of renewing tissue achieved?

A

Regrowing.

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4
Q

What leads to commitment of stem cells to differentiate into specific cells?

A

Activation of key regulatory proteins by growth factors and cytokines.

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5
Q

What does the Transduciton systems require to function?

A

Cell-surface receptors

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6
Q

Transduction system that has tyrosine kinase receptors bind to what?

A

Growth factor.

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7
Q

What happens when growth factor binds to a tyrosine kinase receptor?

A

Dimerization and autophosphorylation of tyrosine residue.

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8
Q

With a partial hepatectomy what happens during DNA replication?

A

incorporation of tritiated thymidine.

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9
Q

What does an activated RAS from a bridging potein activate?

A

RAF or MAP kinase kinase kinase

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10
Q

What does RAF phophorylate?

A

MEK or MAP kinase kinase

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11
Q

What does MEK phosphrylate?

A

ERK or Map Kinase

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12
Q

What does ERK phosphorylate?

A

Cytoplasmic proteins and nuclear transcription factors

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13
Q

With a partial hepatectomy what happens during DNA replication?

A

incorporation of tritiated thymidine.

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14
Q

What happens with a partial hepatectomy?

A

Remaining part enlarges. The missing part is not replaced.

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15
Q

What are the 3 stages of activating something to undergo enlargment?

A
  1. Priming.
  2. Proliferation.
  3. Growth inhibition.
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16
Q

What signals the priming stage of tissue regeneration?

A

Cytokines: TNF, IL-6, others ( to cause the cells to enter the cell cycle.)

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17
Q

What will activate the proliferation stage of tissue regeneration?

A

Growth factors: HGF, TGF-alpha, others. (to make the cells progress through the cell cycle and undergo DNA replication)

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18
Q

What will inhibit growth?

A

TGF-Beta, Activin, others.

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19
Q

What are the adjuvants (helpers) of the proliferation phase?

A

Norepinephrine, insulin, thyroid hormone, growth hormone.

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20
Q

What are the major components of the ECM?

A

Collagen, proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins.

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21
Q

What vitamin is needed for HO-ization?

A

Ascorbic acid. (Vitamin C)

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22
Q

What is fibronectin?

A

2 glycoprotein chains held by disulfide bonds.

23
Q

What binds ECM components and interacts with the cytoskeleton at focal adhesions complexes?

A

Integrin.

24
Q

What induces Angiogenesis from the bone marrow and pre-existing vessels?

A

Mobilization of the Endothelial precursor cells (EPC)

25
Q

EPC’s from the bone marrow migrate to where?

A

Site of injury or tumor growth.

26
Q

What do EPC’s do at sites of injury?

A

They differentiate and form a mature network of vessels.

27
Q

What are MMP’s?

A

Matrix metalloproteinase. They help degrade collagen and other ECM proteins.

28
Q

MMP’s are dependent on what mineral?

A

Zinc.

29
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of MMP regulation?

A
  1. regulation of synthesis by growth factors or cytokines.
  2. Inhibition of synthsis by corticosteroids or TGF-beta.
  3. secreted in inactive form.
  4. Blockage of the enzymes by specific tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase.
30
Q

The inflammation phase of wound healing lasts how long?

A

3 days.

31
Q

The granulation tissue phase of the healing process takes place when?

A

0.3 days until 10 days.

32
Q

The wound contraction phase of the healing process takes place when?

A

3 days to 30 days.

33
Q

What will clean up an injured site after the healing process?

A

Macrophages.

34
Q

What type of scaring occurs with primary intention healing?

A

Minimal scarring

35
Q

What type of scaring occurs with secondary intention healing?

A

Broader scar result of granulation

36
Q

What type of scaring occurs with tertiary intention healing?

A

Wound is purposely left open

37
Q

What type of injury is primary intention healing?

A

Little tissue loss.

38
Q

Most surgical wounds heal by which intention?

A

Primary intention healing. (wound edges are directly next to each other)

39
Q

How is a primary intention wound is closed?

A

By sutures, staples or adhesive.

40
Q

What is allowed to happen to the wound with secondary intention healing?

A

It is allowed to granulate.

41
Q

Why can the healing process be slower with secondary intention healing?

A

Due to the presence of drainage from infection and surgeons may pack the wound with gauze or use a drainage system.

42
Q

How long will a tertiary intention scar be left open?

A

4-5 days.(where the wound is initially cleaned, debrided and observed before closure)

43
Q

What is Keloid?

A

Excess collagen deposition in the skin forming a raised scar.

44
Q

What does stimulus from chronic inflammation activate?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes.

45
Q

What do Activated macrohages and lymphocytes in chronic inflammation areas do?

A

Production of growth factors, cytokines.

46
Q

What do Growth factors cytokines in a chronic inflammation areas do?

A

Increased collagen synthesis.

47
Q

What does Increased collagen synthesis in a chronic inflammation areas do?

A

Fibrosis.

48
Q

What do Activated macrophages and lymphocytes in chronic inflammation do to MMP’s?

A

They decrease their activity.

49
Q

What happens in chronic inflammation when MMP’s have decreased activities?

A

IT will decrease the collagen degradation.

50
Q

When collagen is not degraded or is allowed to be synthesised in chronic inflammation what happens?

A

Fibrosis.

51
Q

What happens with an injury when the stimulus that caused the acute injury is removed?

A

Parenchymal cell death.

52
Q

What does Parenchymal cell death with deep wounds leads to?

A

Healing- scar formation organization of exudate.

53
Q

What does Parenchymal cell death within superficial wounds leads to?

A

Regeneration and restitution of normal sturcture

54
Q

What does persistent tissue damage lead to?

A

Fibrosis (tissue scar)

Pathology I Test I (5 decks)

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