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Pathology > Tissue Regeneration & Repair > Flashcards

Tissue Regeneration & Repair Flashcards

1
Q

What are labile cells?

A
  • continuously capable of proliferating
  • epithelial & stem cells (immortal)
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2
Q

What are stable cells?

A
  • typically in G0
  • can proliferate with a response to injury
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3
Q

What are permanent cells?

A

NO replication

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4
Q

What are the 2 important properties of stem cells?

A

self renewal & asymmetric replication

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5
Q

What is self renewal?

A

allows maintenance of functional population of precursors for long periods of time

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6
Q

Whcih stem cell porperty is telomerase positive?

A

self renewal

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7
Q

What are omnipotent (totipotent) stem cells?

A

1st few cells fertilized in embryo

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8
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

gives rise to cell derivatives of 3 germ layers; can do any tissue type

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9
Q

What are multipotent stem cells?

A

lineage specific

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10
Q

What are induced pluripotential cells?

A

reprogrammed to embyronic stem cell

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11
Q

What are th ekey regulators of the cell cycle?

A

cyclins

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12
Q

What gene is able to stop the cell cycle to allow repairs and is a repsonse to damage is activated?

A

P53

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of growth factors?

A
  • short-lived
  • pleiotropic (multiple physiologic behaviors)
  • activate via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine
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14
Q

What is the difference between autocrin, paracrine, and endocrine?

A
  • autocrine: acts on itself
  • paracrine: one cell acting on a neighbor
  • endocrine: secreted form one tissue and travels a distance to the site
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15
Q

What is the epidermal growth factor (EGF)?

A
  • stimulates collagen synthesis
  • mitogenic for fibroblasts and endothelial cells
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16
Q

What is the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)?

A
  • competent factor (moves cells from G0 to G1)
  • chemotactic
  • induces moderate proliferation
  • has proinflammatory properties
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17
Q

What is the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)?

A
  • role in stimulating collagen synthesis
  • role in fibroblast & monocyte proliferation
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18
Q

What is the transforming growth factor (TGF-alpha)?

A

binds to EGF receptor

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19
Q

What is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)?

A
  • induces angiogenesis by rpomoting endotheliual cell proliferation
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20
Q

What is the role TGF-beta?

A
  • can inhibit epithelial growth (promotes apoptosis)
  • increases synthesis of collagen and fibronectin
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21
Q

What is the effect of a low conc. of TGF-beta?

A

induces synthesis and secretion of PDGF

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22
Q

What is the effect of a high conc. of TGF-beta?

A

decreases the expression of PDGF receptors

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of cytokines (IL-1 & TNF)?

A
  • secreted by cells of immune system
  • induce fibroblast proliferation
  • chemotactic
  • synthesize collagen
  • TNF is angiogenic
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24
Q

The extracellular matrix is formed by proteins that do what?

A
  • mechanical support
  • sequester water and minerals
  • regulate proliferation
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25
Q

The extracellular matrix is formed by proteins that do what?

A
  • mechanical support
  • sequester water and minerals
  • regulate proliferation
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26
Q

What does the extracellular matrix consist of?

A

structural proteins & adhesive glycoproteins

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27
Q

What are the fibrous proteins in the extracellular matrix?

A

collagens & elastins

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28
Q

What are the proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix?

A
  • proteo: dermatan sulfate & heparan sulfate
  • glyco: hyaluronan & syndecan
29
Q

What are the adhesive glycoproteins and receptors that connect matrix elements to one another?

A
  • laminin (type 4 collagen in BM)
  • fibronectin
  • integrins
30
Q

What are the types of fibrillar collagens?

A

types 1, 2, 3, 5

31
Q

What are the types of non-fibrillar collagens?

A

type 4 found in basement mebranes

32
Q

What deals with 3 post-translational ER?

A

pro-peptide to pro-collagen

33
Q

What are the steps of collagen synthesis?

A
  1. signal peptide on N-terminal
  2. prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase produce hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine (requires vitamin C)
  3. propeptides twist into procollagen triple helix
34
Q

What is the golgi apparatus modification?

A

last post-translational modification

35
Q

What is the formation of tropcollagen?

A

membrane bound peptidases remove “loose ends” of procollagen

36
Q

How is collagen fibril formed?

A

extracellular copper-dependent lysyloxidase acts on lysines & hydroxylysines that bond between tropcollagen

37
Q

What types of collagen are known as interstitial collagenases?

A

types 1, 2, 3

38
Q

What type of collagen is known as a gelatinase?

A

type 4

39
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans bound to the cellular membrane by?

A

CD44

40
Q

What are the 3 types of healing & repair?

A
  • resolution
  • regeneration
  • repair by connective tissue
41
Q

What is resolution?

A
  • injury causing no tissue destruction (BM still intact)
  • ex: mosquito bite
42
Q

What is regeneration?

A
  • tissue destruction without significant disruption of BM
  • ex: mild sunburn
43
Q

What is repair by connective tissue initiated by?

A

macrophages & TGF-beta

44
Q

What is the sequence of repair by connective tissue?

A
  1. angiogenesis
  2. migration/proliferation of fibroblasts
  3. deposition/remodeling of EM
  4. remodeling of scar
45
Q

During angiotensin, what is released?

A

MMPs & VEGF (secretes nitric oxide)

46
Q

What is the function of Ang1 & Ang2?

A

stabilize vessels/recruitment of pericytes and smooth muscle cells

47
Q

What are fibroblasts in connective tissue repair triggered by?

A
  • PDGF
  • EGF
  • FGF
  • TGF-beta
  • cytokines
48
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A
  • 1st step in repairing “divot”
  • connective tissue of neovascularization
49
Q

What is covered by a scab and is evidence of re-epithelization?

A

granulation tissue

50
Q

What are the functions of FGF?

A
  • stimulates proliferation of endo cells, fibro, ECM deposition
  • promoyes migration of macrophages and fibro to damaged area
  • stimulates epithelial cell migration to cover wounds
51
Q

What is the role of TGF in scar formation?

A
  • stimulates production of collagen, fibronectin
  • inhibits collagen degradation by decreasing MMPs
  • anti-inflammatory
52
Q

What is the role of MMPs in scar formation?

A

cleave ECM components

53
Q

What is scar formation?

A

original tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue

54
Q

When does scar blanching occur?

A

regression of blood vessels

55
Q

What can result in wound contraction?

A

differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts

56
Q

What are the factors that affect tissue repair?

A
  • infection
  • glucocorticoids
  • complications of tissue repair
  • location/type of injury
  • co-morbidities (diabetes, arthritis)
57
Q

What are the complications of tissue repair?

A
  • fibrosis
  • keloid
  • contracture
  • pyogenic granuloma
58
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

wound healing where dense CT replaces normal parenchymal tissue

59
Q

Where is fibrotic scarring common?

A

after myocardial infarction

60
Q

What is a keloid?

A
  • exuberant collagen deposition related to defiency of matrix metalloproteinases
  • rises up from scar tissue
61
Q

What is a contracture?

A

excessive collagen deposition and myofibrolastic contraction

62
Q

When does a contracture often occur?

A

in burn injuries

63
Q

How does a pyogenic granuloma form?

A

arises from persistent granulation tissue

64
Q

What is osteochondritis dissecans? (case study)

A

inflammation of bone and cartilage

65
Q

What is drilling vs internal fixation vs salvage? (case study)

A
  • drilling: into bone to disrupt margin and release growth factors
  • internal fixation: uses metal or bioabsorbable devices to stabilize joint
  • salvage: when cartilage is excessively deteriorated (OATS)
66
Q

What drives differentiation of cord stem cells into chondrocytes/osteocytes? (case study)

A

bone morphogenic protein

67
Q

What can be a significant complication of reconstructive surgery? (case study)

A

venous congestion

68
Q

What does the patient with the ear bit off present?(case study)

A

post. auricular artery & super. temporal artery

Pathology (7 decks)

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