Cell Adaptations & Accumulations Flashcards
What are the 4 adaptive responses?
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- atrophy
- metaplasia
What is hypertrophy?
increased size of cells result in increased organ size
What is hyperplasia?
increased number of cells result in increased organ size
What is atrophy?
shrinkage in cell size result in decreased decreased organ size
What is metaplasia?
an adult cell type is replaced with another adult cell type of the same tissue
What type of cells does hypertrophy work with?
differentiated (permanent) cells; muscle cells
What type of cells does hyperplasia work with?
labile cells; epithelial cells
What is compensatory hypertrophy?
following the removal of one kidney, with increased workload, the remaining kidney increases in size to compensate
What does hypertrophy usually respond to?
increased workload
What does hyperplasia usually respond to?
- hormones
- growth factors
Prolonged hyperplasia is a risk for what?
malignant transformation
What is the term for a decrease in cell number?
involution (apoptosis); losing tissues
Breast epithelial hyperplasia responds to what hormone?
estrogen
Prostatic epithelial hyperplasia responds to what hormone?
testosterone
Can benign prostatic hyperplasia become cancerous?
NEVER
A 1/3 partial hepatectomy can be regenerated by which adaptive response?
hypertrophy
A 2/3 partial hepatectomy be regenerated by which adaptive response?
hyperplasia
What is atrophy driven by?
loss of trophic factors
What is a unique characteristic of atropic cells?
reduce to lowest capacity to maintain survival mode; NOT DEAD
Where is physiologic atrophy seen?
in development/aging
Where is pathologic atrophy seen?
immobilization, ischemia, skinny leg syndrome
What is the earliest change in epithelial transitions?
from esophagus to stomach
Is there a change in size for metaplasia?
NO
What is the risk with metaplasia when the tissue is NOT suited?
malignant transformation
Where does metaplasia usually occur?
in areas of chronic inflammation
What type of cells does metaplasia work with?
epithelial
What is Barrett’s esophagus?
gastric simple columnar epithelium goes past junction into esophagus
In Barret’s esophagus, what happens in response to chronic acid reflux?
esophageal stratified squamous epithelium changes to mucus-secreting columnar epithelium
What is bronchial metaplasia?
columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium
Bronchial metaplasia has an increased risk of what?
malignant transformation
What is cervical metaplasia?
simple columnar epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium
What is the endocervix?
lower portion of uterus
Where in the cervix does cervical metaplasia occur?
endocervix
What are examples of intracellular accumulations?
- proteins
- lipids
- fats
- metals
- pigments
Intracellular/extracellular accumulations may signal what?
damage or adaptation to stress by cells
How does liver disease form in intracellular accumulations?
rate of metabolism is inadequate
What are the mechanisms of intracellular accumulations?
- normal substance produced but rate of metabolism is inadequate
- normal accumulation d/t defect in metabolism, packaging, transport, or secretion
- gene mutation resulting in inactive metabolic enzyme
- gene mutation results in abnormal protein
What is the inherited disorder associated with the accumulation of proteins?
alpha-1-antitrypsin disease (A1AT)
What does alpha-1-antitrypsin disease (A1AT) arise from?
misfolded AAT proteins
What occurs when the misfolded AAT proteins cannot be packaged/secreted?
causes damage/accumulation
What is the disease associated with intracellular accumulations that code for alpha subunit lysosomal enzyme beta-hexosaminidase A?
Tay-Sachs disease
What does Tay-Sachs disease inhibit?
complete digestion of gangliosides
What are the 2 disorders associated with fat accumulation?
- Reyes syndrome
- acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Reyes syndrome affects what organs in whom?
liver and brain in children/teenagers recovering from viral infection
What is acute fatty liver of pregnancy?
mitochondrial dysfunction of fatty acids d/t deficiency of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
What does the accumulation of cholesterol contritbute to?
atherosclerosis
What is iron from damaged RBCs stored by macrophages as?
ferritin
How can ferritin be transported?
by transferrin via circulation to liver
What is known as the undigestable hemosiderin?
end product of ferritin metabolic degradation
What is hemochromatosis?
autosomal recessive disorder of iron absorption
What disorder involves an increased uptake of iron in GI tract?
hemochromatosis
What stain is associated with the accumulation of copper?
rhodanine stain
What is the mechanism of copper excretion?
biliary tract
What can chronic biliary obstruction lead to?
copper accumulation in hepatocytes
What is the disease associated with the accumulation of copper?
Wilson’s disease
What is Wilson’s disease?
autosomal recessive disease of inability to excrete copper from hepatocyte to bile tract
Where do the toxic levels appear with the accumulation of copper?
liver and brain
What are the endogenous pigments?
- bilirubin
- jaundice
- lipofuscin
What is bilirubin?
breakdown of heme moiety of hemoglobin and heme-containing enzymes
What is lipofuscin?
wear and tear/aging pigment
What are the exogenous pigments?
carbon particles and tattoos
What are the 2 extracellular accumulations?
amyloidosis and pathologic calcification
What is amyloidosis?
inherited and inflammatory disorder with extracellular deposition of misfolded fibrillar amyloid proteins
What is the protein plaque found in Alzheimer and the most common form of amyloidosis?
alpha-beta
Where is amyloid esophagus found?
in people who smoke or drink
Where is amyloid kidney glomerulus found?
in people with diabetes
What is pathologic calcification?
large intracellular calcific bodies in irreversibly injured mitochondria
What are the 2 types of pathologic calcifications?
dystrophic and metastatic
What is dystrophic calcification?
extracellular Ca in necrotic/chronically traumatized tissue
Are the serum values for Ca normal in dystrophic calcification?
YES
Is dystrophic calcification always localized?
YES
When does metastatic calcification occur?
in conditions of high serum Ca levels with deposits of Ca salts in viable normal tissue
What are the serum conditions like in metastatic calcification?
high
What are some causes of hypercalcemia?
- hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone
- destruction of bone tissue
- vitamin D poisoning
- milk-alkali syndrome
- uremia
