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1. Histopath Lec > Tissue processing Dehydration - mounting > Flashcards

Tissue processing Dehydration - mounting Flashcards

1
Q

is a process of complete removal of calcium salt from the tissues like bone and teeth and other calcified tissues following fixation.

A

DECALCIFICATION

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2
Q

it is done to assure that the specimen is soft enough to allow cutting with the microtome knife.

A

DECALCIFICATION

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3
Q

decalcification time

A

2-3 hours.

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4
Q

most common decalcifying agent

A

nitric acid

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5
Q

mineral acids

A

nitric acid
hydrochloric acid
formic acid

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6
Q

used to remove calcium ion from the fluid

A

Ion exchange resin

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7
Q

The usage of this _____ advantages to faster decalcification, tissue preservation, cellular details better preserved.

A

Ion exchange resin

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8
Q

EDTA meaning

A

Ethylene-Diamine-Tetra-Aceticacid

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9
Q

ETHYLENE-DIAMENE-TETRA-ACETICACID (EDTA) combines with calcium ions which facilitates the removal of calcium salt.
slow process .

A

Chelating agents

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10
Q

based on the principle of attracting calcium ions to a negative electrode in to addition to the solution.

A

Electrophoresis

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11
Q

Method of Determination of end point of decalcification

A

Flexibility method
X-ray method
Chemical method

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12
Q

Process of complete removal of intracellular and extracellular water after fixation and prior to impregnation

A

DEHYDRATION

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13
Q

Most dehydrating agents are ____ generally used in increasing strength starting from ____

A

alcohols
70%-95%

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14
Q

A higher concentration of alcohol is in inadvisable because causes very rapid removal of water hence produce ______. Except in

A

Cell shrinkage
HEIDENHAN SUSA fixative

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15
Q

Dehydrating agents

A

Alcohol- (ethyl alcohol) most commonly used
Anhydrous copper sulfate- solid dehydrants
Acetone
Dioxane

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16
Q

Most commonly used dehydrating agents

A

Ethyl alcohol

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17
Q

Also known as de-alcoholization

A

Clearing

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18
Q

A process of removal of alcohol from the tissues and replace by substance that is miscible with impregnating medium.

A

Clearing

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19
Q

gives a tissue a translucent appearance

A

Clearing

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20
Q

A ____ should be miscible in dehydrating agent, embedding agent, and mounting media.

A

Clearing agent

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21
Q

Most commonly used clearing agent

A

Xylene

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22
Q

Clearing agents

A

Xylene-most commonly used
Toluene
Benzene- prolong exposure may cause aplastic anemia
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride, Cedar wood oil, Carbon tetrachloride

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23
Q

Also known as infiltration

A

Impregnation

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24
Q

It is the complete removal of clearing reagents by substitution of paraffin or any such similar media

A

Impregnation

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25
Q

Impregnating media fills all the tissue cavities giving a firm consistency thus making handling and cutting easier

A

Impregnation

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26
Q

Types of impregnation

A

Paraffin
Celloidin
Gelatin

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27
Q

most commonly used impregnating medium.

A

Paraffin wax

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28
Q

Impregnation with paraffin wax takes place in an ____ heated to ___

A

Oven
56-60°C

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29
Q

The amount of wax should be ____ times the volume of tissue. The tissue must be submitted to 3 changes in wax. Paraplast can be a substitute.

A

25-50

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30
Q

Substitute of paraffin

A

paraplast

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31
Q

A purified form of nitrocellulose

A

Celloidin impregnation

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32
Q

For large hollow cavities, hard and dense tissues, and large tissue sections

A

Celloidin impregnation

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33
Q

Method of Celloidin impregnation

A

Wet celloidin method
Dry celloidin method

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34
Q

Type of impregnation for bones, teeth, and large brain section

A

Wet celloidin method

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35
Q

Type of impregnation for whole eye section

A

Dry celloidin method

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36
Q

Used only if dehydration should be skip.
Used for frozen section

A

Gelatin impregnation

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37
Q

Also known as casting or blocking

A

Embedding

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38
Q

It is the orientation of tissue in melted paraffin which when solidified provides a firm medium for keeping intact all parts of the tissue when sections are cut.

A

Embedding

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39
Q

arrangement in a precise position of tissues in a mold

A

ORIENTATION

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40
Q

most common embedding medium.

A

PARAFFIN WAX

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41
Q

these are two ‘L’ which are resting metal usually brass, which are resting on a flat metal or glass plate.

A

LEUCKHART’S L PIECES

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42
Q

consists of square shaped brass or metal plates in a series of interlocking plates.

A

COMPOUND EMBEDDING UNITS

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43
Q

Types of embedding mold

A

Leuckhart’s L pieces
Compound embedding units
Tissue Tek steel-based embedding block (tissue tek system)
Disposable embedding molds

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44
Q

Most common Type of embedding mold

A

Tissue Tek steel-based embedding blocks (tissue Tek system).

45
Q

Disposable embedding molds

A

Peel away
Plastic ice trays
paper boats

46
Q

cheap and easy to make, causes minimal error in specimen identification.

A

paper boats

47
Q

disposable thin plastic embedding molds

A

peel away

48
Q

When the blocks are solidified they are removed from the molding block.

A

Trimming

49
Q

Excess wax is removed on all sides of the block.
At least 2 mm of wax must surround the tissue block

A

Trimming

50
Q

Transferring the tissue mechanically from one reagent to another can be done both by day and night.

A

Automatic tissue processor

51
Q

Reduces processing time by the action of continuous agitation.

A

Automatic tissue processor

52
Q

This eliminates the possibility of human errors of leaving the tissue for long time in one solution due to forgetfulness.

A

Automatic tissue processor

53
Q

The tissue to be processed is placed in an appropriate container, together with a label and the lid snapped on. These containers are placed in the tissue basket in which they remain throughout the whole process.

A

TISSUE CONTAINERS (tissue cassettes).

54
Q

The ____ are filled with appropriate fluids and wax is placed in the _______after ensuring that main switch is on, so as to keep the wax in molten state.

A

beakers
wax baths

55
Q

Parts of automatic tissue processor

A

Stirring mechanism
Timing mechanism
Tissue containers (tissue cassetes)
beakers and wax baths

56
Q

The basket is attached to the arms of the machine on which one arm is designed in such a manner so as to bring about the rotation of the basket nearly at the rate of one revolution per minute.

A

STIRRING MECHANISM

57
Q

Timer is meant to keep the tissue in different reagents and wax for an optimum time. If kept for longer or shorter period than necessary, tissue will not be adequately processed.

A

TIMING MECHANISM

58
Q

Automatic tissue processor dehydration process time
70%
85%
95%
95%
100%
100%

A

1
2
1
1
1
1

59
Q

Automatic tissue processor clearing process time
Xylene
Xylene
Xylene

A

1
1
1

60
Q

Automatic tissue processor impregnation process time
Paraffin wax
Paraffin wax
Paraffin wax

A

2
2
2

61
Q

These are mechanical devices for cutting uniform sections of tissue of appropriate thickness.

A

Microtomes

62
Q

All microtomes depend upon the motion of a screw thread in order to advance the tissue block on knife at a regulated number of microns. Except the ____?

A

ultrathin microtome.

63
Q

Types of microtomes

A

Rocking microtome
Rotary microtome
Base sledge microtome
Ultrathin microtome
Freezing microtome

64
Q

Microtome for large paraffin embedded tissue

A

Rocking microtome

65
Q

most common microtome, for paraffin embedded tissue

A

Rotary microtome

66
Q

Microtome for celloidin-embedded tissue

A

Base sledge microtome

67
Q

microtome for electron microscopy

A

ultrathin microtome

68
Q

microtome for frozen section

A

freezing microtome

69
Q

houses the freezing microtome. It maintains a cold temperature.

A

Cryostat

70
Q

Types of microtome knifes

A

Plane Wedge
Planeconcave
Biconcave
Tool Edge

71
Q

microtome knife it is used for paraffin and frozen sections.

A

Plane wedge

72
Q

microtome knife used for celloidin section since the blade is thin it will vibrate when for used for other harder materials.

A

PLANECONCAVE

73
Q

microtome knife it is recommended for paraffin section cutting on rotary and sledge type of microtome

A

biconvace

74
Q

microtome knife this is used with a heavy microtome for cutting very hard tissues like undecalcified bone.

A

tool edge

75
Q

2 stages of knige sharpening

A

honing
stropping

76
Q

Grinding of knife on a hone to restore straight cutting edge and correct bevel.
It remove nicks and irregularities of the cutting edge.

A

Honing

77
Q

The knife is pushed forward diagonally FROM HEEL TO TOE, turned over on its back and moved across the hone until the heel is in the center with the cutting edge leading, and then brought back diagonally. It is turned to its original position, thus completing figure of 8 movement.

A

Honing technique

78
Q

The process is continued until all jagged edges have been removed. The knife is ready for stropping.

A

Honing technique

79
Q

Types of hones

A

Belgian black vein or belgian yellow
Carborundum
Plane glass

80
Q

it is a yellow stone ½ inch thick and is backed with a black stone of same thickness. Only yellow side should be used for honing. It is the best hone.

A

Belgian black vein or Belgian Yellow

81
Q

These hones can be obtained in a variety of grades

A

CARBORUNDUM

82
Q

May be used as a hone by applying an abrasive such as aluminum oxide to the surface and then using in the same way as ordinary hone.

A

Plate glass

83
Q

Lubricants for hone

A
  1. Soap water
  2. Liquid paraffin
  3. Castor oil
  4. Clove oil
84
Q

It is the process of polishing an already fairly sharp edge.
Fine quality leather is used .
action is reverse of honing toe to heel.

A

Stropping

85
Q

Other microtome knives

A

Disposable microtome blades
Glass knives
Diamond knives

86
Q

(Other microtome knives) Commonly used, cheap, and can cut 2-4 micra thick section.

A

disposable microtome blades

87
Q

(other microtome knives) For cutting tissue blocks for electron microscopy which requires extremely thin cut.

A

glass knives

88
Q

(other microtome knives) for cutting resin embedded tissue. Mounted in metal block that can fit into the knife holder of ultrathin microtome. Expensive but durable.

A

diamond knives

89
Q

needed to remove folds and creases in sections after floating out.

A

forceps, seekers, brush

90
Q

majority of sections fit comfortably on a ____ mm slide

A

76 x 25 x 1.2

91
Q

for specimen labeling

A

Diamond pencil or pencil

92
Q

for flattening of sections. Temperature is 45ºc.

A

Water bath

93
Q

for drying of sections. Temperature is melting point of the paraffin wax.

A

Hot plate or drying oven

94
Q

A substance which can be smeared onto the slides so that the sections stick well to the slides.

A

Section adhesives

95
Q

TYPES OF ADHESIVE

A

Albumin
Gelatin
Starch
Cellulose

96
Q

Its purpose is to set the section firmly

A

Mounting

97
Q

Prevents the movement of the cover slip

A

Mounting

98
Q

Protects the stained section from scratches, bleaching or deterioration due to oxidation

A

Mounting

99
Q

Prevents the distortion of images during microscopic examination

A

Mounting

100
Q

Types of mounting medium

A

Aqueous mounting media
Resinous mounting media

101
Q

Used for material which is unstained, stained for fat, or metachromatically stained.

A

AQUEOUS MOUNTING MEDIA

102
Q

AQUEOUS MOUNTING MEDIA examples

A

Apathy’s medium (R.I- 1.52) Farrant’s medium (R.I. 1.43)
Glycerine jelly (R.I. 1.47)
Highman’s medium (R.I. 1.52)
water

103
Q

For routine staining. Natural or synthetic resins dissolved in benzene, toluene or xylene. These are purchased readymade.

A

RESINOUS MOUNTING MEDIA

104
Q
A
105
Q
A
106
Q
A
107
Q
A
108
Q

Slide size for histopathology

A

25 x 50

109
Q

RESINOUS MOUNTING MEDIA examples

A

Canada balsam (R.I. - 1.52)
D.P.X. (R.I. 1.53)
XAM (R.I. 1.52)

1. Histopath Lec (3 decks)

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