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Histopath Lec > Tissue processing Dehydration - mounting > Flashcards

Tissue processing Dehydration - mounting Flashcards

1
Q

is a process of complete removal of calcium salt from the tissues like bone and teeth and other calcified tissues following fixation.

A

DECALCIFICATION

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2
Q

it is done to assure that the specimen is soft enough to allow cutting with the microtome knife.

A

DECALCIFICATION

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3
Q

decalcification time

A

2-3 hours.

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4
Q

most common decalcifying agent

A

nitric acid

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5
Q

mineral acids

A

nitric acid
hydrochloric acid
formic acid

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6
Q

used to remove calcium ion from the fluid

A

Ion exchange resin

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7
Q

The usage of this _____ advantages to faster decalcification, tissue preservation, cellular details better preserved.

A

Ion exchange resin

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8
Q

EDTA meaning

A

Ethylene-Diamine-Tetra-Aceticacid

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9
Q

ETHYLENE-DIAMENE-TETRA-ACETICACID (EDTA) combines with calcium ions which facilitates the removal of calcium salt.
slow process .

A

Chelating agents

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10
Q

based on the principle of attracting calcium ions to a negative electrode in to addition to the solution.

A

Electrophoresis

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11
Q

Method of Determination of end point of decalcification

A

Flexibility method
X-ray method
Chemical method

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12
Q

Process of complete removal of intracellular and extracellular water after fixation and prior to impregnation

A

DEHYDRATION

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13
Q

Most dehydrating agents are ____ generally used in increasing strength starting from ____

A

alcohols
70%-95%

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14
Q

A higher concentration of alcohol is in inadvisable because causes very rapid removal of water hence produce ______. Except in

A

Cell shrinkage
HEIDENHAN SUSA fixative

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15
Q

Dehydrating agents

A

Alcohol- (ethyl alcohol) most commonly used
Anhydrous copper sulfate- solid dehydrants
Acetone
Dioxane

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16
Q

Most commonly used dehydrating agents

A

Ethyl alcohol

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17
Q

Also known as de-alcoholization

A

Clearing

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18
Q

A process of removal of alcohol from the tissues and replace by substance that is miscible with impregnating medium.

A

Clearing

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19
Q

gives a tissue a translucent appearance

A

Clearing

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20
Q

A ____ should be miscible in dehydrating agent, embedding agent, and mounting media.

A

Clearing agent

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21
Q

Most commonly used clearing agent

A

Xylene

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22
Q

Clearing agents

A

Xylene-most commonly used
Toluene
Benzene- prolong exposure may cause aplastic anemia
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride, Cedar wood oil, Carbon tetrachloride

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23
Q

Also known as infiltration

A

Impregnation

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24
Q

It is the complete removal of clearing reagents by substitution of paraffin or any such similar media

A

Impregnation

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25
Impregnating media fills all the tissue cavities giving a firm consistency thus making handling and cutting easier
Impregnation
26
Types of impregnation
Paraffin Celloidin Gelatin
27
most commonly used impregnating medium.
Paraffin wax
28
Impregnation with paraffin wax takes place in an ____ heated to ___
Oven 56-60°C
29
The amount of wax should be ____ times the volume of tissue. The tissue must be submitted to 3 changes in wax. Paraplast can be a substitute.
25-50
30
Substitute of paraffin
paraplast
31
A purified form of nitrocellulose
Celloidin impregnation
32
For large hollow cavities, hard and dense tissues, and large tissue sections
Celloidin impregnation
33
Method of Celloidin impregnation
Wet celloidin method Dry celloidin method
34
Type of impregnation for bones, teeth, and large brain section
Wet celloidin method
35
Type of impregnation for whole eye section
Dry celloidin method
36
Used only if dehydration should be skip. Used for frozen section
Gelatin impregnation
37
Also known as casting or blocking
Embedding
38
It is the orientation of tissue in melted paraffin which when solidified provides a firm medium for keeping intact all parts of the tissue when sections are cut.
Embedding
39
arrangement in a precise position of tissues in a mold
ORIENTATION
40
most common embedding medium.
PARAFFIN WAX
41
these are two 'L' which are resting metal usually brass, which are resting on a flat metal or glass plate.
LEUCKHART'S L PIECES
42
consists of square shaped brass or metal plates in a series of interlocking plates.
COMPOUND EMBEDDING UNITS
43
Types of embedding mold
Leuckhart's L pieces Compound embedding units Tissue Tek steel-based embedding block (tissue tek system) Disposable embedding molds
44
Most common Type of embedding mold
Tissue Tek steel-based embedding blocks (tissue Tek system).
45
Disposable embedding molds
Peel away Plastic ice trays paper boats
46
cheap and easy to make, causes minimal error in specimen identification.
paper boats
47
disposable thin plastic embedding molds
peel away
48
When the blocks are solidified they are removed from the molding block.
Trimming
49
Excess wax is removed on all sides of the block. At least 2 mm of wax must surround the tissue block
Trimming
50
Transferring the tissue mechanically from one reagent to another can be done both by day and night.
Automatic tissue processor
51
Reduces processing time by the action of continuous agitation.
Automatic tissue processor
52
This eliminates the possibility of human errors of leaving the tissue for long time in one solution due to forgetfulness.
Automatic tissue processor
53
The tissue to be processed is placed in an appropriate container, together with a label and the lid snapped on. These containers are placed in the tissue basket in which they remain throughout the whole process.
TISSUE CONTAINERS (tissue cassettes).
54
The ____ are filled with appropriate fluids and wax is placed in the _______after ensuring that main switch is on, so as to keep the wax in molten state.
beakers wax baths
55
Parts of automatic tissue processor
Stirring mechanism Timing mechanism Tissue containers (tissue cassetes) beakers and wax baths
56
The basket is attached to the arms of the machine on which one arm is designed in such a manner so as to bring about the rotation of the basket nearly at the rate of one revolution per minute.
STIRRING MECHANISM
57
Timer is meant to keep the tissue in different reagents and wax for an optimum time. If kept for longer or shorter period than necessary, tissue will not be adequately processed.
TIMING MECHANISM
58
Automatic tissue processor dehydration process time 70% 85% 95% 95% 100% 100%
1 2 1 1 1 1
59
Automatic tissue processor clearing process time Xylene Xylene Xylene
1 1 1
60
Automatic tissue processor impregnation process time Paraffin wax Paraffin wax Paraffin wax
2 2 2
61
These are mechanical devices for cutting uniform sections of tissue of appropriate thickness.
Microtomes
62
All microtomes depend upon the motion of a screw thread in order to advance the tissue block on knife at a regulated number of microns. Except the ____?
ultrathin microtome.
63
Types of microtomes
Rocking microtome Rotary microtome Base sledge microtome Ultrathin microtome Freezing microtome
64
Microtome for large paraffin embedded tissue
Rocking microtome
65
most common microtome, for paraffin embedded tissue
Rotary microtome
66
Microtome for celloidin-embedded tissue
Base sledge microtome
67
microtome for electron microscopy
ultrathin microtome
68
microtome for frozen section
freezing microtome
69
houses the freezing microtome. It maintains a cold temperature.
Cryostat
70
Types of microtome knifes
Plane Wedge Planeconcave Biconcave Tool Edge
71
microtome knife it is used for paraffin and frozen sections.
Plane wedge
72
microtome knife used for celloidin section since the blade is thin it will vibrate when for used for other harder materials.
PLANECONCAVE
73
microtome knife it is recommended for paraffin section cutting on rotary and sledge type of microtome
biconvace
74
microtome knife this is used with a heavy microtome for cutting very hard tissues like undecalcified bone.
tool edge
75
2 stages of knige sharpening
honing stropping
76
Grinding of knife on a hone to restore straight cutting edge and correct bevel. It remove nicks and irregularities of the cutting edge.
Honing
77
The knife is pushed forward diagonally FROM HEEL TO TOE, turned over on its back and moved across the hone until the heel is in the center with the cutting edge leading, and then brought back diagonally. It is turned to its original position, thus completing figure of 8 movement.
Honing technique
78
The process is continued until all jagged edges have been removed. The knife is ready for stropping.
Honing technique
79
Types of hones
Belgian black vein or belgian yellow Carborundum Plane glass
80
it is a yellow stone ½ inch thick and is backed with a black stone of same thickness. Only yellow side should be used for honing. It is the best hone.
Belgian black vein or Belgian Yellow
81
These hones can be obtained in a variety of grades
CARBORUNDUM
82
May be used as a hone by applying an abrasive such as aluminum oxide to the surface and then using in the same way as ordinary hone.
Plate glass
83
Lubricants for hone
1. Soap water 2. Liquid paraffin 3. Castor oil 4. Clove oil
84
It is the process of polishing an already fairly sharp edge. Fine quality leather is used . action is reverse of honing toe to heel.
Stropping
85
Other microtome knives
Disposable microtome blades Glass knives Diamond knives
86
(Other microtome knives) Commonly used, cheap, and can cut 2-4 micra thick section.
disposable microtome blades
87
(other microtome knives) For cutting tissue blocks for electron microscopy which requires extremely thin cut.
glass knives
88
(other microtome knives) for cutting resin embedded tissue. Mounted in metal block that can fit into the knife holder of ultrathin microtome. Expensive but durable.
diamond knives
89
needed to remove folds and creases in sections after floating out.
forceps, seekers, brush
90
majority of sections fit comfortably on a ____ mm slide
76 x 25 x 1.2
91
for specimen labeling
Diamond pencil or pencil
92
for flattening of sections. Temperature is 45ºc.
Water bath
93
for drying of sections. Temperature is melting point of the paraffin wax.
Hot plate or drying oven
94
A substance which can be smeared onto the slides so that the sections stick well to the slides.
Section adhesives
95
TYPES OF ADHESIVE
Albumin Gelatin Starch Cellulose
96
Its purpose is to set the section firmly
Mounting
97
Prevents the movement of the cover slip
Mounting
98
Protects the stained section from scratches, bleaching or deterioration due to oxidation
Mounting
99
Prevents the distortion of images during microscopic examination
Mounting
100
Types of mounting medium
Aqueous mounting media Resinous mounting media
101
Used for material which is unstained, stained for fat, or metachromatically stained.
AQUEOUS MOUNTING MEDIA
102
AQUEOUS MOUNTING MEDIA examples
Apathy's medium (R.I- 1.52) Farrant's medium (R.I. 1.43) Glycerine jelly (R.I. 1.47) Highman's medium (R.I. 1.52) water
103
For routine staining. Natural or synthetic resins dissolved in benzene, toluene or xylene. These are purchased readymade.
RESINOUS MOUNTING MEDIA
104
105
106
107
108
Slide size for histopathology
25 x 50
109
RESINOUS MOUNTING MEDIA examples
Canada balsam (R.I. - 1.52) D.P.X. (R.I. 1.53) XAM (R.I. 1.52)

Histopath Lec (3 decks)

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