Tissue | Muscles | Body Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Tissue
A
An aggregate of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit
2
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
The cells making up the skin and the superficial layer of mucous membranes, internal membranes continuous with skin, and generative (reproductive) tract
3
Q
Baseplate/Basement membrane
A
The tissue that underlies the epithelium, which is made predominantly of collagen
4
Q
Matrix
A
An intercellular material that holds or constrains another material
5
Q
Interstitial
A
Space or gap in tissue
6
Q
Blood
A
Connective tissue comprising of plasma and blood cells suspended in this plasma matrix
7
Q
Bone
A
The hardest of the connective tissues
8
Q
Viscera
A
Body organs
9
Q
Autonomic
A
Self regulating
10
Q
Nervous tissue
A
Highly specialized communicative tissue consisting of neurons or nerve cells
11
Q
Organs
A
Aggregates of tissues of the body with functional utility
12
Q
Muscles
A
Contractile tissue
13
Q
Fascia
A
A sheet like membrane that surrounds organs. May be dense, transparent, thin, or thich
14
Q
Ligaments
A
Connective tissue that binds bone to bone
15
Q
Aponeurosis
A
A sheet-like tendon that helps connect muscles to bones
16
Q
Articulation
A
The point of union between two structures
17
Q
Gomphosis
A
A suture in which a peg fits into a hole
18
Q
Cotyloid
A
Cup-shaped
19
Q
Muscular system
A
The anatomical system that includes smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle
20
Q
Skeletal system
A
Anatomical system that includes the bones and cartilages that make up the body
21
Q
Respiratory system
A
The physical system involved in respiration
22
Q
Reproductive system
A
The physical system involved in reproduction
23
Q
Urinary system
A
The body system including kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
24
Q
Endocrine system
A
The system involved in production and dissemination of hormones
25
Nervous system
The system of nervous tissue comprising the central and peripheral nervous system
26
Phonatory system
The system including the laryngeal structures through which phonation is achieved
27
Resonatory system
The portion of the vocal tract through which the acoustical product of vocal fold vibration resonates
28
Neurons
Nerve cell tissue whose function is to transmit information from one neuron to another, from neurons to muscles, or from sensory receptors to other neural structures
29
Cell
Highly organized mass of protoplasm which is alive
30
Protoplasm
The basic substance that makes up all living cells, can be divided into nucleus and cytoplasm
31
How long do neurons live?
The lifetime of the host
32
How long do red blood cells live?
Approx. four months
33
How long do skin cells live?
Approx. one month
34
What two components can protoplasm be divided into?
Nucleus and cytoplasm
35
What is a nucleolus made up of?
Ribosomes
36
What are ribosomes essential for?
Protein biosynthesis, which is used to help cells reproduce
37
What does the nucleus contain?
Chromatin
38
What is chromatin made up of?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
39
What does chromatin do for the nucleus?
Gives it a darker color
40
What is DNA essential for?
Formation of chromosomes during cell division, contributes to the transmission of genetic traits
41
What does cytoplasm mean?
Cell-plasma
42
What is cytoplasm made up of?
70-85% water, ~20% protein substance
43
What does cytoplasm contain?
Mitochondria
44
What do mitochondria do?
Produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
45
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine TriPhosphate
46
What substance enables muscles to contract?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
47
What % of the human body is made up of fluid?
56%
48
What is most of the body's fluid made up of?
Water
49
What is intracellular fluid?
Fluid found inside the cells
50
What is extracellular fluid?
Fluid found outside the cells
51
What are colonies of cells that are similar in structure and function are found together it is called ________
Tissue
52
What are the five basic types of tissue found in the body?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous, and vascular
53
Where is mesothelial tissue found?
Lines body cavities: peritoneal, pleural, and cardiac
54
What is the peritoneal cavity?
Guts, stomach
55
What is the pleural cavity?
Divided into two sections, houses lungs
56
What is the cardiac cavity?
Houses the heart
57
Endothelial tissue
LInes the inner lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels
58
What is the pericardium?
Outer lining of the cardiac cavity
59
What do connective tissues do?
Bind body structures together, support the body, and aid in bodily maintenance.
60
What are the three subdivisions of connective tissues?
Loose, dense, and special
61
What does loose connective tissue do?
Functions to bind parts together. ex., fascia, adipose
62
What is adipose tissue?
Commonly known as fat, a loose connective tissue that stores energy
63
What is dense connective tissue?
Has densely packed fibers, hense the name. Ex., tendons and ligaments
64
What is special connective tissue?
Tissue that provides sturcture for the body, ex., cartilage and bone
65
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrous
66
What is hyaline cartilage?
Where bones come together as joints. Ex., elbows, knees
67
Hyaline cartilage can withstand immense ____________, not ___________
Compression; Twisting
68
Does hyaline cartilage have good or poor blood supply? What happens if it gets injured?
Poor blood supply; It is not easy to heal so they often remove it, which leads to issues with the bones of the joint grinding against each other
69
What sometimes happen to the hyaline cartilage in the larynx?
Ossification, turning to bone
70
What is elastic cartilage?
Incredibly flexible cartilage found in ear, eustacian tube, and most body parts involved in the reception and production of sound. Has reduced collagen and increased numbers of elastic fibers
71
What is fibrous cartilage?
Acts as a shock absorber, primarily found in intervertebral disks, but may also be found in other joints. Can degenerate over time
72
Aretynoids
A pair of cartilages at the back of the larynx where the vocal folds attach
73
How many bones are in the human body?
206
74
What is casein?
Protein that makes up cheese, also used for glue and plastic
75
What are the salts that make up bone?
~85% calcium phosphate, ~10-15% calcium carbonate
76
What are the two types of bone in the human body?
Dense (compact), Spongy (cancellous)
77
What does dense(compact) bone make up?
The outer shell of the bone, called the cortex
78
What does spongy (cancellous) bone make up?
Inner portion of bone, contains blood vessels and marrow that produces red and white blood cells
79
Where are blood vessels in the bones?
Haversian canals
80
What is the "living tissue" of the bone?
Spongy bone tissue, comprised of red and yellow marrow
81
Red marrow
Manufactures the red blood cells that carry oxygen to all the cells in your body
82
Yellow marrow
Made up purely of adipose tissue
83
What is the tough, fibrous tissue that all bonees are covered in?
Periosteum
84
How are bones classified?
According to their shape
85
What classifications of bones are found in the body?
Long, short, flat, irregular, and accessory
86
The larynx leads to what?
The lungs
87
What is the only bone in the body that is not connected to another bone?
The hyoid
88
The pharynx leads to what?
The stomach
89
What does the hyoid bone do?
Provides protection to the larynx when swallowing
90
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Your pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
91
What is in the pectoral girdle?
Shoulders, arms, wrists, hands
92
What is in the pelvic girdle?
Hips, legs, ankles, feet
93
What is the axial skeleton?
Rib cage, skull, and hyoid bone
94
What are the three basic kinds of joints in the human body?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
95
Fibrous joint
Immovable, ex. sutures in skull
96
Cartilaginous joint
Yeiding/flexible, ex. spinal column
97
Synovial joint
Moves freely, ex. elbows, knees
98
What percent of your body weight is muscle?
About 40%
99
How many muscles are in the human body?
329
100
How many of these muscles are unpaired?
Only 2
101
What does it mean for a muscle to be paired?
Each muscle has an agonist and an antagonist, when one muscle is in flexion (the agonist), the other is in extension (the antagonist), and this allows for precise muscle movements
102
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Striated, smooth, and cardiac
103
What are two alternate names for striated muscle tissue?
Skeletal or voluntary
104
What are two alternate names for smooth muscle tissue?
Visceral or involuntary
105
What are two alternate names for cardiac muscle tissue?
Heart or myocardium
106
What chemicals are important for muscle functioning?
K+ (potassium); Na+ (sodium); Cl- (Chloride); Glucose
107
What does striated muscle connect to?
The skeletal system
108
What is the smallest muscle in the body?
Stapedius muscle in the middle ear
109
What is the smallest muscle in the body found alongside?
The three smallest bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes, also known as the ossicles
110
What are myofibrils?
Muscle fibers
111
What are fasciculi?
Large groups of muscle fibers
112
What is myoglobin?
A protein which is similar in function ot the hemoglobin found in blood. It allows oxygen to filter into the muscle tissues
113
Which muscles use less oxygen?
Breast and back muscles
114
Do muscle fibers work in or out of synchronicity?
They work in synchrony
115
What can happen when muscles get fatigued?
They can spasm or twitch, ex. eye twitching
116
Can muscles contract without nerve signals?
No
117
What is electromyography?
The measuring of electrical activity caused by muscle contraction. Done by placing electrodes directly over the contracting muscle tissue.
118
What is the name of the picture produced by measuring the electrical activity of muscles?
Electromyogram (EMG)
119
How are muscles named?
According to their origin and their insertion
120
What is the origin of a muscle?
The more proximal (or fixed) attachment
121
How fast do the vocal folds vibrate in men?
About 130 cycles/second
122
What does cycles/second stand for?
Hertz (Hz)
123
How fast do the vocal folds vibrate in women?
About 220 cycles/second
124
Does pitch go up or down when VF vibration gets faster?
Up
125
Where is nervous tissue found?
Brain and spinal cord
126
What are the four periods of muscle contraction?
Latent period; contraction period; relaxation period; refractory phase
127
What happens during the latent period of muscle contraction?
It is the time between nerve cell firing and the action taking place, when the signal is being transmitted through the body
128
What happens during the contraction period of muscle contraction?
This is the phase when the muscle is actively contracting
129
What happens during the relaxation period of muscle contraction?
The muscle returns to its relaxed state
130
What happens during the refractory phase of muscle contraction?
The muscle is restored to its normal state
131
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
132
What is a motor unit?
The functioning unit for producing motor action, consists of the neuron (nerve cell) and the muscles served by that nerve cell
133
Does fine motor control require more or less neurons?
More
134
Does gross motor control require more or less neurons?
Less
135
What is smooth muscle?
A more primitive tissue than striated, and cannot be controlled voluntarily
136
Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
Esophagus, stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and bronchial tubes
137
What is ephaptic conduction?
How food moves down your esophagus and into your stomach. As the food moves down, each muscle contracts to push it down and into the stomach
138
What are the two strongest muscles in the body?
Heart and tongue
139
What are ganglia?
Bundles of nerve fibers
140
How much can the tongue lift
15lb/square inch
141
What is an innervation ratio?
Relationship between the extent of nerve supply to a muscle and the precision of muscular contraction
# of muscle fibers / # of axons
Determines whether fine or gross motor control is used.
142
What is considered a high innervation ratio and what does that mean for motor control?
50:1
Gross motor movements
143
What is considered a low innervation ratio and what does that mean for muscle control?
2:1
Fine, precise motor movements
144
What are dendrites?
The recieving portion of a nerve cell
145
What are axons?
The transmitting portion of a nerve cell
146
What are the fluid tissues of the body?
VAascular tissues
147
What is vascular tissue comprised of?
Blood and lymph
148
How much of your body weight does vascular tissue make up?
10%
149
What is blood made up of?
Corpuscules, platelets, and blood plasma
150
What are corpuscles?
Cells
151
What is the lymphatic system composed of?
LYmph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and scattered lymphoid tissues in the intestinal tract
152
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
To carry tissue fluid from the tissues to the veins. Also removes protein from tissue fluid, and it helps in the absorption of digested food, especially fats
153
What are macrophages?
154
What are effete erythrocytes?
155
What are vestigial structures?
Body parts that have lost their original function; In humans they include the spleen, thymus gland, appendix, tonsils, adenoids, and gallbladder
156
What is an organ?
A somewhat independent part of the body that performs a special function
157
What is a system?
When two or more organs combine in such a manner as to exhibit functional unity
158
How many systems are in the human body?
11
159
List the 11 systems of the human body
Skeletal, articular, muscular, digestive, vascular, nervous, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, endocrine, integumentary
160
What does the skeletal system include?
Bones and related cartilages
161
What does the articular system include?
Joints and ligaments
162
What does the muscular system include?
Muscles
163
What does the digestive system include?
Digestive tract and glands
164
What does the vascular system include?
Heart, blood vessels, lymphatic system
165
What does the nervous system include?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, nuclei, sense organs
166
What does the respiratory system include?
Lungs and air passages
167
What does the urinary system include?
Kidneys and urinary passages
168
What does the reproductive system include?
Reproductive organs.
169
What system is the reproductive system sometimes included in?
The urinary system, calle the urogenital system
170
What does the endocrine system include?
The ductless glands of the body, incuding the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands
171
What does the integumentary system include?
Skin, nails, and hair
172
What are goblet cells?
Cells that produce the mucous that lines the trachea. This mucous traps dust, smoke, pollen, and bacteria. It also warms and moistens air as it enters the lungs
173
