Breathing Flashcards
What are vegitative functions?
The basic functions required for life, things like breathing and eating
Many of the structures required for vegetive functions are also required for what?
Speech production
How long can the brain go without oxygen before neurons start to die?
Around four minutes
How long can a human survive with no food? No water?
Food: 20-25 days
Water: 3-5 days
What is the definition of respiration?
The process of gas exchanged between an organism and their environment
What gases are present during respiration in humans?
Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N), Carbon dioxide (CO2)
What percent of each gas is inspired?
O2 - 20%
N - 79%
CO2 - 0.04%
What percent of each gas is expired?
O2 - 16%
N - 72%
CO2 - 4%
What is Boyle’s law?
If the temperature of a gas is constant, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to one another and have a constant product
What is the equation for Boyle’s law?
P1V1 = P2V2
P = Pressure
V = Volume
1 = Initial state
2 = Final state
Who is known as the father of chemistry?
Robert Boyle
What is positive pressure?
Too many molecules within a closed container, causes explosions
What is negative pressure?
Not enough molecules in a closed container, causes implosions
If you hold the ________ and ____________ of a gas constant, the force exerted on the walls of a containing vessel is a function of the number of molecules within the vessel
Volume, Temperature
What makes up the respiratory tract?
Trachea, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity
What is the organ of respiration?
The lungs
What does the larynx divide?
The upper and lower respiratory tracts
What makes up the vocal tract?
Larynx, nasal, oral, and pharyngeal cavities
What does the larynx serve as?
A valve mechanism which can open or close the air passageway, also is a protective device during swallowing
What is the heimlich maneuver?
Forcefully expelling air from the lungs to dislodge food that is stuck in the airway
What is thoracic fixation?
The ability to stabilize your thorax, it is important for urination, defecation, vomiting, and heavy lifting
What is the technical term for urination?
Micturating
What is the technical term for defecating?
Evacuation
What is the technical term for vomiting?
Emesis
What is a laryngectomy?
A surgical procedure to remove the larynx when cancer is present, creates a stoma that the patient must breathe through
What are bronchi?
Tubes that extend from the trachea to the lungs
What do the bronchi form?
The bronchial tree
What are goblet cells?
Cells that produce mucous that lines the trachea
What does the mucous produced by goblet cells do?
LInes the trachea and traps dust, smoke, pollen, and bacteria; warms and moistens the air that enters our lungs
What do main stem bronchi subdivide into?
Secondary bronchi, tertiary bonchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, air sacs, and alveoli
What are the air sacs pitted with?
Alveoli
What do alveoli allow for?
Rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Which bronchus is wider and longer than the other?
Right
The right lung is _______, _______, and ________ than the left lung.
Larger, shorter, and broader
What is the diaphragm?
Dome shaped muscular structure that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays an important role in breathing
What do type II alveolar cells do?
Produce pulmonary surfactant
What does the pulmonary surfactant created by type II alveolar cells do?
Decreases the surface tension in the lungs to make them more elastic, which allows them to be able to inflate during inhalation and deflate during exhalation
What is a common issue in premature children?
The lungs, being immature, do not produce enough T2 cells, meaning there is not enough surfactant, and they need to be placed on a respirator and given synthetic surfactant
What is survanta?
A type of synthetic pulmonary surfactant given to premature babies
What is cortisol?
Given to mothers with multiples, or that might need an early birth to help develop lungs faster
The right lobe of the lungs is divided into ___ lobes
Three
The left lobe of the lungs is divided into ___ lobes
Two
What is mediastinum?
A space in the middle of the thorax that houses the lungs, the heart, large blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, and some lymph vessels
What is the pleural membrane?
Surrounds each lung to allow for friction-free lung and thoracic surfaces
What is pleurisy?
A condition in which the pleural membrane becomes inflamed
What is pneumothorax?
A hole in the lung
What are the principal components for the breathing mechanism?
Spinal column, rib cage, pelvis
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many thoracic vertabrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
What do the lumbar vertebrae hold up?
Torso
How many sacral vertabrae are there? What is special about them?
5 - they are fused together
How many coccygeal vertabrae are there? What are they known as?
3-5; known as the coccyx, considered a vestigial structure
What is the corpus of the vertebra?
The largest part of the vertebra
What are the pedicles of the vertebra?
They form the lower part of the body
What is the vertebral foramen?
The hole where the spinal cord passes through the vertebral foramen
What is the longitudinal ligament?
Two sets of ligaments that run down the spine helping to stabilize the vertebral column and limit spinal movement
What are the intervertebral discs?
Cartilaginous discs between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers, and keep bone from rubbing on bone`
What are the letters used to indicate the type of vertebrae?
C, T, L, S
What are the transverse foraminae?
Holes found in the transverse process of the cervical vertabrae, veins run through them, they also protect basilar artery
What is the C1?
Called the atlas, at the very top, and holds the head up
What does C2 allow?
Articulates with C1 and allows head movement from side to side, called the axis
What is C7?
The last of the cervical vertebrae, can be felt at the base of the neck
What makes the thoracic vertebrae distinctive?
The articular facets on the transverse processes and vertebral bodies, also provide attachment points for the ribs to join spinal column
Vertebrae gradually get ________ as they progress from T1-T12
Larger
Are the lumbar vertebrae large or small?
Large
What function do the lumbar vertebrae provide?
Weight bearing in the lower back
What does the sacrum consist of? What are they connected by?
Five vertebrae that are connected by four ossified intervertebral discs
What is the sacral foraminae?
Allows for passageway of the sacral nerves and arteries
What is the coccyx?
Also called the tailbone, consists of three to five vestigial vertebrae
What can kyphosis cause?
It can decrease movement in the ribs, leaving the lungs unable to expand as much as they should
What three parts make up your sternum?
Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
What is the manubrium?
The uppermost segment of the sternum
What is the body of the sternum also called?
The corpus
What is the xiphoid process of the sternum also called?
The ensiform process
What is the sternal angle?
Where the manubrium and the body of the sternum join together
How many pairs of ribs are there and how are they labeled?
12, numbered 1-12
What is the costal groove?
A groove in the ribs that protect intercostal blood vessels and nerves
What is the bulk of the rib called?
The shaft
What doest the head of the rib articlate with?
The transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae
What separates the head of the rib from the shaft?
A short neck
The head of almost every rib articulates with what?
The bodies of two adjacent vertebrae and their intervertebral dics
Which ribs are the exception to articulating with adjacent vertebrae?
The first and the last three pairs
How many pairs of true ribs are there?
Seven
What are true ribs also called?
Vertebrosternal ribs
What do true ribs articulate with?
Directly with the sternum
What do ribs 8-10 articulate with? How?
The sternum; by means of long costal cartilages
What are the long costal cartilages that connect ribs 8-10 to the sternum called?
False or vertebronchodrial
Ribs 11 and 12 attach to _______ __________ but are not attached to the _________
Ribs 11 and 12 attach to the thoracic vertebrae, but are not attached to the sternum
Ribs 11 and 12 are called what?
Vertebral or floating ribs
What three parts of the thorax increase during inspiration?
Vertical dimension, transverse diameter, anteroposterior diameter
What do the paired coxal bones form?
Pelvic girdle
What three individual bones make up the coxal bone?
Ilium, ischium, pubis
What is acetabulum?
A pocket on either side of the hip that allows for the head of the femur to attach to the pelvic girdle
What is the pectoral girdle comprised of?
The clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade)
How many breaths per minute do adults take?
12
How many breaths per minute are normal for infant?
24-116
The muscles of inhalation are mostly confined to the ______?
Thorax
The muscles of exhalation are mostly confined to the _____________?
Abdomen
What is an aponeurosis?
A large flat muscle
What is the diaphragm made of?
An aponeurosis called the central tendon that is shaped like an upside-down bowl
What are the two muscles in the body that are not paired?
The diaphragm and the procerus muscle in the forehead (causes wrinkled brow)
What are the three openings in the diaphragm?
From left to right: foramen vena cava, esophageal hiatus, aortic hiatus
What moves through the foramen vena cava?
The inferior vena cava, also nerve fibers and lymph vessels
What is another word for helping?
Axiliary/accessory
Where are the intercostal muscles?
Thorax
Where are the scalene muscles?
Neck
Where is the trapezius muscle?
AKA traps, they are the most superficial back muscle, located on top of the shoulders. Serves to stabilize the collar bone
Where is the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Sternum -> neck
Where are the latissmus dorsi muscles?
AKA lats, located underneath the arms, giving the chest the V-shape
What is the levator scapulae for?
Elevates and steadies the scapula (shoulder blades)
What muscleis in your chest wall?
Pectoralis major, AKA pecs
What is your shoulder muscle and where does it lead?
Deltoideus muscles, aka delts, go from shoulders to upper arm
What are some muscles used for exhalation?
Mostly found in the abdomen, they are external/internal obliques (responsible for 6 pack), transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis, and inguinal ligament
Spirometer
Provides graphic recordings of lung volumes and capacities
Tidal volume (TV)
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during any single expiratory cycle
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
The quantity of air which can be inhaled beyond that in a tidal volume cycle
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Amount fo air that can be forcibly exhaled following a passive exhalation
Residual volume (RV)
Quantity of air that remains in the lungs and airways even after maximum inhalation
What does RV do?
Regulates and maintains o2 stats
What is an o2 stat?
Also called oxygen saturation levels, it is the amount of oxygen in the blood, and should be around 90% or grater
What would you say when someone is speaking on RV?
The person is utilizing their functional residual capacity for speech
What % of our total blood volume is in the brain at any given time?
20%
What % of o2 does our brain use?
25%
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from the resting expiratory level. (TV + IRV = IC)
Vital capacity (VC)
Amount of air that can be exhaled after as deep an inhalation as possible
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Quantity of air in the lungs at the resting expiratory level
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Quantity of air the lungs can hold at the height of maximum inhalation, equal to the sum of all lung volumes.
What alveolar pressure is required to maintain laryngeal vibration?
At least 3 cm of H20
What does a mercury barometer measure and how?
Atmospheric pressure, using the number of mm that mercury rises in an elevated glass tube as a reference
What is water measured in? Mercury?
Water - cm; mercury - mm
The larynx is a variable valve, this means what?
Laryngeal resistance may vary from minimal to absolute
